Children are currently starting pubertal development much earlier than 20 to 30 years ago. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) conducted from 1988-1994 revealed that the median age for breast development in white girls was approximately 9.7 years and 8 years in African-American girls versus 10.9 years ago. More recent data, however, indicate that some children are starting pubertal development even earlier (age 7 or 8 in girls or age 9 in boys). Very early pubertal development is identified as precocious puberty, a phenomenon that brings great concern to others besides parents: the child, their peers, school nurses, teachers and counselors. This paper discusses precocious pubertal development, possible causes or relationships, related risks, treatment and helping strategies.
References
[1]
Davison, K., Birch, L. and Susman, E. (2003) Percent body fat at age 5 predicts earlier pubertal development among girls at age 9. Pediatrics, 11, 815-821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.4.815
[2]
Kaplowitz, P. (2002) Precocious puberty in girls and the risk of a central nervous system abnormality: The elusive search for diagnostic certainty. Pediatrics, 109, 139-141. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/109/1/139.
[3]
Kaplowitz, P. (2004) Clinical characteristics of 104 children referred for evaluation of precocious puberty. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89, 3644-3650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031532
[4]
Kaplowitz, P. (2004) Precocious puberty: Update on secular trends, definitions, diagnosis, and treatment. Advances in Pediatrics, 51, 37-62.
[5]
Marshall, W. and Tanner, J. (1969) Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 44, 291-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.44.235.291
[6]
Marshall, W. and Tanner, J. (1970) Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 45, 13-23.
[7]
Herman-Giddens, M., Slora, E., Hasemeier, C., et al. (1997) Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: A study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network. Pediatrics, 99, 505-512.
[8]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Center for Health Statistics (2013) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes_questionnaires.htm
[9]
Biro, F., Galvez, M., Wolff, M., et al. (2010) Pubertal assessment method and baseline characteristics in a mixed longitudinal study of girls. Pediatrics, 126, 583-590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-3079
[10]
Lee, P.A., Kulin, H.E. and Guo, S.S. (2001) Age of puberty among girls and the diagnosis of precocious puberty. Pediatrics, 107, 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.6.1493 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/107/6/1493
[11]
Faizah, M., Zuharis, A., Zulfiqar, M., et al. (2012) Precocious puberty in children: A review of imaging findings. Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal, 8, 1-8.
[12]
Mayo Clinic Staff (2011) Precocious puberty. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/precocious-puberty/DS00883
[13]
Kakarla, N. and Bradshaw, K. (2003) Disorders of pubertal development: Precocious puberty. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 21, 339-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-815590
[14]
Slyper, A. (2006) The pubertal timing controversy in the USA, and a review of possible causative factors for the advance in timing of onset of puberty. Clinical Endocrinology, 65, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02539.x
[15]
Phillip, M. and Lazar, L. (2005) Precocious puberty: Growth and genetics. Hormone Research, 64, 56-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000087760
[16]
Styne D. (2011) Puberty. In: Gardner, D.G. and Shoback, D., Eds., Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill Medical, Chicago, 527-549.
[17]
Parent, A., Rasier, G., Bourguignon, J., et al. (2005) Early onset of puberty: Tracking Genetic and Environmental Factors. Hormone Research, 64, 41-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000087753
[18]
Colón, I., Caro, D., Bourdony, C., et al. (2000) Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican girls with premature breast development. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 895-900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108895
[19]
Rosenfield, R., Lipton, R. and Drum, M. (2009) Thelarch, pubarche, and menarche attainment in children with normal and elevated body mass index. Pediatrics, 123, 84-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-0146 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/123/1/84.short
[20]
Kaplowitz, P. (2008) Link between body fat and the timing of puberty. Pediatrics, 121, S208-S217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813F http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/121/Supplement_3/208
[21]
Wang, Y. (2002) Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation? A comparison of the association in American boys versus girls. Pediatrics, 110, 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.110.5.903
[22]
Sonis, W., Comite, F., Klein, R., et al. (1985) Behavior problems and social competence in girls with true precocious puberty. Journal of Pediatrics, 106, 156-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80489-3
[23]
Trembley, L. and Frigon, J. (2005) Precocious puberty in adolescent girls: A biomarker of later psychosocial adjustment problems. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 36, 73-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-004-3489-2
[24]
Phinney, V. and Jensen, L. (1990) The relationship between early development and psychosexual behaviors in adolescent females. Adolesence, 25, 321-332.
[25]
Ge, X., Conger, R. and Elder, G. (1996) Coming of age too early: Pubertal influences n girls’ vulnerability to psychological distress. Child Development, 67, 3386-3400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131784
[26]
Graber, J., Lewinsohn, P., Seeley, J., et al. (1997) Is psychopathology associated with the timing of pubertal development? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1768-1776.
[27]
US Department Health and Human Services, HRSA, Maternal and Child Health Bureau (2009). Adolescent physical development. http://depts.washington.edu/growth/module7/text/ref.htm
[28]
Antoniazzi, F. and Zamboni, G. (2004) Central precocious puberty: Current treatment options. Pediatric Drugs, 6, 211-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00148581-200406040-00002
[29]
Leung, A. and McArthur, R. (1991) Recent advances in the treatment of isosexual precocious puberty. Canadian Family Physician, 37, 2597-2604.