Four new species of oak gallwasps of the genus Dryocosmus: D. pentagonalis, D. triangularis, D. carlesiae, and D. testisimilis are described from Taiwan. They induce galls on one species of Castanopsis and one species of Lithocarpus (Fagaceae). Data on the diagnosis, distribution, and biology of the four new species is given. A key for Dryocosmus species identification of Taiwan is provided. Final comments discuss the polyphyletic nature of the Dryocosmus genus, emphasizing the urgent need for its revision. 1. Introduction The cynipid gallwasp fauna of the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental region is poorly known: only 35 valid species are recognised from the Eastern Palaearctic, mostly from Japan and the Russian Far East, and only a few oak gallwasp species have yet been described or mentioned as “cynipid gallwasp” from the Oriental region [1–3]. Eleven gall morphotypes attributed to cynipids have been described from Taiwan [4, 5], from which only three valid species are currently known: Andricus formosanus Tang et al. [6], Trichagalma formosana Melika & Tang, and Cerroneuroterus vonkuenburgi (Dettmer), all of which are associated with the subgenus Quercus within the genus Quercus [3]. The family Fagaceae in Eastern Asia, including Taiwan, is represented by five taxa which serve as hosts for oak gallwasps (Cynipini): Castanea Miller (2 species in Taiwan), Castanopsis (D.Don) (8 species in Taiwan), Lithocarpus Blume (=Pasania (Miq.)) (15 species in Taiwan), Quercus L. subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (13 species in Taiwan), and Quercus subgenus Quercus (10 species in Taiwan) [7, 8]. Thirty-four of the 35 known valid oak gallwasp species of the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental region are galling Quercus subgenus Quercus. Nine different cynipid gall morphotypes (all undescribed species from the point of view of ICZN) from Japan are known to associate with Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (8 with Quercus glauca Thunb. and one with Q. gilva Blume) and one cynipid gall morphotype with Castanopsis cuspidata Schottky [9]. Of the eleven cynipid gall morphotypes described from Taiwan [4, 5], only three gall morphotypes are associated with Quercus subgenus Quercus; the remainder are associated with subgenus Cyclobalanopsis and non-Quercus host plants. However, no valid species yet are known from Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis, Castanopsis, and Lithocarpus. One well-known and widely introduced species, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, is known to associate with different species of Castanea. One species with dubious status, Neuroterus haasi Kieffer, described from India,
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