全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Simple Methods for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Carvedilol

DOI: 10.5402/2012/373215

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Two simple spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of carvedilol (CAR). Method A is the condensation reaction of CAR with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (PDAB), and the reaction mixture exhibits maximum absorbance at 601?nm. Method B is based on the charge transfer complex formation of CAR with p-chloranil; the color developed is measured at 662?nm. The calibration graphs are found to be linear over 50.00–250.00 and 20.00–100.0?μg mL?1 with molar absorptivity values of and ?L mol?1cm?1 for CAR-PDAB and CAR-p-chloranil, respectively. Statistical comparisons of the results are performed with regard to accuracy and precision using Student’s t-test and F-test at 95% confidence level. The methods are successfully employed for the determination of CAR in pharmaceutical preparations, and the results agree favorably with the reference and proposed methods. 1. Introduction Carvedilol (1-(9H-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]propan-2-ol) belongs to a group of medicines called beta-adrenergic blocking agents, that are indicated for the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and heart failure. Beta-blockers work by affecting the response to some nerve impulses in certain parts of the body. As a result, they decrease the heart’s need for blood and oxygen by reducing its workload. They also help the heart to beat more regularly. CAR is used for treating high blood pressure and congestive heart failure. By blocking the receptors, CAR reduces the heart’s rate and force of contraction and thereby reduces the work of the heart. CAR also blocks adrenergic receptors on arteries and causes the arteries to relax and the blood pressure to fall. The drop in blood pressure further reduces the work of the heart since it is easier to pump blood against a lower pressure. The FDA first approved CAR in 1995 [1]. Many methods have been used for the determination of carvedilol such as HPLC [2–7], capillary electrophoresis [8], fluorometry [9], and differential pulse voltammetry [10]. Recently a second polymorph of carvedilol has also been reported [11]. The two spectrophotometric methods [12, 13] reported earlier for the determination of CAR are in the UV region, and it is well known that UV-spectrophotometry is not a selective method, and therefore excipients can interfere with the method. The other three methods [14, 15] involve reaction of CAR with reagents like bromocresol green, ninhydrin, acetaldehyde, and nitroprusside. A comparison of the performance characteristics of the reported methods and proposed methods is given in Table 1.

References

[1]  B. T. Vanderhoff, H. M. Ruppel, and P. B. Amsterdam, “Carvedilol: the new role of beta blockers in congestive heart failure,” American Family Physician, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 1627–1639, 1998.
[2]  F. Varin, L. X. Cubeddu, and J. R. Powell, “Liquid chromatographic assay and disposition of carvedilol in healthy volunteers,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 75, no. 12, pp. 1195–1197, 1986.
[3]  N. Hokama, N. Hobara, H. Kameya, S. Ohshiro, and M. Sakanashi, “Rapid and simple micro-determination of carvedilol in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 732, no. 1, pp. 233–238, 1999.
[4]  P. Ptá?ek, J. Macek, and J. Klíma, “Liquid chromatographic determination of carvedilol in human plasma,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 789, no. 2, pp. 405–410, 2003.
[5]  E. J. Eisenberg, W. R. Patterson, and G. C. Kahn, “High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of the enantiomers of carvedilol and its O-desmethyl metabolite in human plasma after chiral derivatization,” Journal of Chromatography, vol. 493, no. 1, pp. 105–115, 1989.
[6]  R. Rathod, L. P. C. Prasad, S. Rani, M. Nivsarkar, and H. Padh, “Estimation of carvedilol in human plasma by using HPLC-fluorescence detector and its application to pharmacokinetic study,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 857, no. 2, pp. 219–223, 2007.
[7]  R. Gannu, V. V. Yamsani, and Y. M. Rao, “New RP-HPLC method with UV-detection for the determination of carvedilol in human serum,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1677–1685, 2007.
[8]  L. Clohs and K. M. McErlane, “Comparison between capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography for the stereoselective analysis of carvedilol in serum,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 407–412, 2003.
[9]  H. Y. Wang, Y. Xiao, J. Han, and X. S. Chang, “Simultaneous determination of dopamine and carvedilol in human serum and urine by first-order derivative fluorometry,” Analytical Sciences, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1281–1285, 2005.
[10]  A. Radi and T. Elmogy, “Differential pulse voltammetric determination of carvedilol in tablets dosage form using glassy carbon electrode,” Farmaco, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 43–46, 2005.
[11]  H. S. Yathirajan, S. Bindya, T. V. Sreevidya, B. Narayana, and M. Bolte, “A second polymorph of carvedilol,” Acta Crystallographica Section E, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. o542–o544, 2007.
[12]  P. S. Jain, G. S. Talele, S. G. Talele, and S. J. Surana, “Spectrophotometric determination of carvedilol from bulk and formulations,” Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 358–359, 2005.
[13]  G. Chaurasia, D. Bhadra, S. Bhadra, and N. K. Jain, “UV spectrophotometric determination of carvedilol,” Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 606–608, 2005.
[14]  J. Verma and H. Syed, “Extractive spectrophotometric method for determination of carvedilol in tablets,” Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 303–304, 2007.
[15]  T. V. Sreevidya and B. Narayana, “Simple and facile methods for the determination of carvedilol in Pharmaceuticals,” Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 74–78, 2009.
[16]  J. N. Miller and J. C. Miller, Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry, Prentice Hall, 4th edition, 2005.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133