After describing the beginnings and state of the art of integrated fiber-wireless (FiWi) broadband access networks in great detail, we briefly review recent progress and point to various ongoing research activities, including the design of energy-efficient “green” FiWi access networks, advanced survivability techniques, and integration of wireless and fiber optic sensors, towards realizing adaptable, dependable, and ecoconscious future-proof broadband access networks based on both wireless and shared passive fiber media. Furthermore, we discuss service, application, business, and operation related aspects, which motivate access technology to move into a substantially different direction in the long run than continued capacity provisioning. Given that most 4G cellular mobile network researches so far have been focusing on the achievable performance gains in the wireless front-end only without looking into the details of backhaul implementations and possible backhaul bottlenecks, we identify open key research challenges for FiWi broadband access networks. We explore ways of how they can be deployed across relevant economic sectors other than telecommunications per se, taking major paradigm shifts such as the Third Industrial Revolution, Energy Internet, smart grid, and explosion of mobile data traffic in today’s cellular networks into account. 1. Introduction According to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), broadband enables individuals and enterprises to access a wide range of resources, services, and products related to education, culture, entertainment, telemedicine, e-commerce, public safety, and homeland security. In a detailed study carried out by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) [1] it was shown that the impact of providing residential and business subscribers with broadband access is manifold. Among others, broadband enables the emergence of business models, processes, and inventions as well as improved goods and services. Furthermore, broadband increases competitiveness and flexibility in the economy by the increased diffusion of information at lower cost and by improving market access to increasingly larger markets. Figure 1(a) shows the fixed wired and wireless access technologies used by broadband subscribers in 2010. Back then, the majority of fixed broadband subscribers deployed digital subscriber line (DSL) or cable modem, while only 9% of the 271 million subscribers were connected via fiber-to-the-premises solutions, that is, fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) or fiber-to-the-building (FTTB) with local area
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