This outlook paper addresses the problem of the traceability of minor crops. These kinds of cultivations consist in a large number of plants locally distributed with a modest production in terms of cultivated acreage and quantity of final product. Because of globalization, the diffusion of minor crops is increasing due to their benefit for human health or their use as food supplements. Such a phenomenon implies a major risk for species substitution or uncontrolled admixture of manufactured plant products with severe consequences for the health of consumers. The need for a reliable identification system is therefore essential to evaluate the quality and provenance of minor agricultural products. DNA-based techniques can help in achieving this mission. In particular, the DNA barcoding approach has gained a role of primary importance thanks to its universality and versatility. Here, we present the advantages in the use of DNA barcoding for the characterization and traceability of minor crops based on our previous or ongoing studies at the ZooPlantLab (Milan, Italy). We also discuss how DNA barcoding may potentially be transferred from the laboratory to the food supply chain, from field to table. 1. DNA Barcoding for Plant Identification Plants as primary producers are the basis of human nutrition from time immemorial. It is estimated that about 7,000 species of plants have been cultivated for consumption in human history (FAO data) and a large number of cultivars and varieties are also recognized. The Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (http://www.fao.org/nr/cgrfa/cthemes/plants/en/) estimated that 30 crops are usually referred currently as major agricultural products since they provide 95% of human food energy needs (e.g., rice, wheat, maize, and potato). These resources are widely monitored and well characterized with the analysis of DNA markers specifically developed for each cultivar (see, e.g., [1–3]). On the contrary, reliable characterization tools for the minor varieties are far from being defined. Minor crops include plants for food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and ornamental purposes with a modest production in terms of cultivated acreage and quantity of final product [4]. There are no fixed standard values to define a minor crop; however, conventionally, all the local varieties could be placed in this category. Most of these species or varieties show peculiar traits from the alimentary, pharmaceutical, or ornamental points of view. Some examples of minor crops that are now widely cultivated and worldwide distributed are Goji
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