全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用：99美元
投递稿件

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2014 

Development of Visual Systems for Faces and Objects: Further Evidence for Prolonged Development of the Face System

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099942

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Background The development of face and object processing has attracted much attention; however, studies that directly compare processing of both visual categories across age are rare. In the present study, we compared the developmental trajectories of face and object processing in younger children (8–10 years), older children (11–13 years), adolescents (14–16 years), and adults (20–37). Methodology/Principal Findings We used a congruency paradigm in which subjects compared the internal features of two stimuli, while the (unattended) external features either agreed or disagreed independent of the identity of the internal features. We found a continuous increase in matching accuracy for faces and watches across childhood and adolescence, with different magnitudes for both visual categories. In watch perception, adult levels were reached at the age of 14–16, but not in face perception. The effect of context and inversion, as measures of holistic and configural processing, were clearly restricted to faces in all age groups. This finding suggests that different mechanisms are involved in face and object perception at any age tested. Moreover, the modulation of context and inversion effects by exposure duration was strongly age-dependent, with the strongest age-related differences found for brief timings below 140 ms. Conclusions/Significance The results of the present study suggest prolonged development of face-specific processing up to young adulthood. The improvement in face processing is qualitatively different from the improvement of general perceptual and cognitive ability.

 References

[1]  Tanaka JW, Farah MJ (1993) Parts and wholes in face recognition. Q J Exp Psychol 45: 34–79. doi: 10.1037/e665402011-519
[2]  Biederman I, Kalocsai P (1997) Neurocomputational bases of object and face recognition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 352: 1203–1219. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1997.0103
[3]  Yue X, Tjan BS, Biederman I (2006) What makes faces special? Vision Res 46: 3802–3811. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2006.06.017
[4]  Jacques C, Rossion B (2009) The initial representation of individual faces in the right occipito-temporal cortex is holistic: Electrophysiological evidence from the composite face illusion. J Vis 9: 1–16. doi: 10.1167/9.6.8
[5]  Young AM, Hellawell D, Hay DC (1987) Configural information in face perception. Perception 10: 747–759. doi: 10.1068/p160747
[6]  Andrews TJ, Davies-Thompson J, Kingstone A, Young AW (2010) Internal and External Features of the Face Are Represented Holistically in Face-Selective Regions of Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 30: 3544–3552. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.4863-09.2010
[7]  Sinha P, Poggio T (1996) I think I know that face. Nature 384: 404. doi: 10.1038/384404a0
[8]  Meinhardt-Injac B, Persike M, Meinhardt G (2010) The time course of face matching by internal and external features: Effects of context and inversion. Vision Res 50: 1598–1611. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.05.018
[9]  Meinhardt-Injac B, Z？llig J, Persike M, Martin M, Seiffge-Krenke I, et al. (2011) Developmental changes in the microgenesis of face perception revealed by effects of context and inversion. Vision Res 51: 2121–2131. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.04.010
[10]  Nachson I, Moscovitch M, Umilta C (1995) The contribution of external and internal features to the matching of unfamiliar faces. Psychol Res 58: 1–37.
[11]  Veres-Injac B, Schwaninger A (2009) The time course of processing external and internal features of unfamiliar faces. Psychol Res 73: 43–53. doi: 10.1007/s00426-008-0147-5
[12]  Maurer D, Le Grand R, Mondloch CJ (2002) The many faces of configural processing. Trends Cogn Sci 6: 255–260. doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01903-4
[13]  Meinhardt-Injac B (2013) The context congruency effect is face specific. Acta Psychol 142: 265–272. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.12.012
[14]  Diamond R, Carey S (1986) Whay faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. J Exp Psychol Gen 115: 107–117.
[15]  Crookes K, McKone E (2009) Early maturity of face recognition: No childhood development of holistic processing, novel face encoding, or face space. Cognition 111: 219–247. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.02.004
[16]  de Heering A, Houthuys S, Rossion B (2007) Holistic face processing is mature at 4 years of age: Evidence from the composite face effect. J Exp Child Psychol 96: 57–70. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2006.07.001
[17]  Tanaka JW, Kay JB, Grinnell E, Stansfield B, Szechter L (1998) Face recognition in young children: When the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Vis cogn 5: 479–496. doi: 10.1080/713756795
[18]  Anes M, Short A (2009) Adult-like competence in perceptual encoding of facial configuration by the right hemisphere emerges after 10 years of age. Perception 38: 333–342. doi: 10.1068/p6092
[19]  Carey S, Diamond R (1994) Are faces perceived as configurations more by adults than by children? Vis cogn 1: 253–274. doi: 10.1080/13506289408402302
[20]  Leonard HC, Karmiloff-Smith A, Johnson MH (2010) The development of spatial frequency biases in face recognition. J Exp Child Psychol 106: 193–207. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.03.005
[21]  Mondloch CJ, Le Grand R, Maurer D (2002) Configural face processing develops more slowly than featural face processing. Perception 31: 553–566. doi: 10.1068/p3339
[22]  Schwarzer G, Kretzer M, Wimmer D, Jovanovic B (2010) Holistic face processing among school children, younger and older adults. Eur J Dev Psychol 7: 511–528. doi: 10.1080/17405620903003697
[23]  Cohen Kadosh K (2011) Differing processing abilities for specific face properties in mid-childhood and adulthood. Front Psychol 2: 400 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00400.
[24]  Joseph JE, Swearingen JE, Clark JD, Benca CE, Collins HR, et al. (2012) The changing landscape of functional brain networks for face processing in typical development. NeuroImage 6: 1223–1236. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.021
[25]  Haist F, Adamo M, Han Wazny J, Lee K, Stiles J (2013) The functional architecture for face-processing expertise: FMRI evidence of the developmental trajectory of the core and the extended face systems. Neuropsychologia 51: 2893–2908. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.08.005
[26]  Ding XP, Fu G, Lee K (2013) Neural correlates of own- and other-race face recognition in children: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuroimage 85: 335–344. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.051
[27]  Cohen Kadosh K, Cohen Kadosh R, Dick F, Johnson MH (2011) Developmental changes in effective connectivity in the emerging core face network. Cereb Cortex 21: 1389–1394. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq215
[28]  Germine LT, Duchaine B, Nakayama K (2011) Where cognitive development and aging meet: Face learning ability peaks after age 30. Cognition 118: 201–210. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.11.002
[29]  Macchi Cassia V, Turati C, Schwarzer G (2011) Sensitivity to spacing changes in faces and nonface objects in preschool-aged children and adults. J Exp Child Psychol 109: 454–467. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.03.003
[30]  Picozzi M, Macchi Cassia V, Turati C, Vescovo E (2009) The effect of inversion on 3- to 5-year-olds' recognition of face and nonface visual objects. J Exp Child Psychol 102: 487–502. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2008.11.001
[31]  Robbins RA, Shergill Y, Maurer D, Lewis TD (2011) Development of sensitivity to spacing versus feature changes in pictures of houses: Evidence for slow development of a general spacing detection mechanism? J Exp Child Psychol 109: 371–382. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.02.004
[32]  Jüttner M, Wakui E, Petters D, Kaur S, Davidoff J (2013) Developmental trajectories of part-based and configural object recognition in adolescence. Dev Psychol 49: 161–176. doi: 10.1037/a0027707
[33]  Macchi Cassia V, Picozzi M, Kuefner D, Bricolo E, Turati C (2009) Holistic processing for faces and cars in preschool-aged children and adults: evidence from the composite effect. Dev Sci 12: 236–248. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00765.x
[34]  Schwarzer G (2002) Processing of facial and non-facial visual stimuli in 2–5-year-old children. Infant Child Dev 11: 253–269. doi: 10.1002/icd.257
[35]  Richler JJ, Mack ML, Gauthier I, Palmeri TJ (2009) Holistic processing happens at a glance. Vision Res 49: 2856–2861. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.08.025
[36]  Liu CH, Chaudhuri A (2002) Reassessing the 3/4 view effect in face recognition. Cognition 83: 31–48. doi: 10.1016/s0010-0277(01)00164-0
[37]  Scherf KS, Behrmann M, Dahl RE (2012) Facing changes and changing faces in adolescence: A new model for investigating adolescent-specific interactions between pubertal, brain and behavioral development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2: 199–219. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.016
[38]  Wakui E, Jüttner M, Petters D, Kaur S, Hummel JE, et al. (2013) Earlier Development of Analytical than Holistic Object Recognition in Adolescence. PLoS ONE 8 (4) e61041 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061041.
[39]  Haist F, Lee K, Stiles J (2010) Individuating faces and common objects produces equal responses in putative face-processing areas in the ventral occipitotemporal cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 4: 181 doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00181.
[40]  Ellis HD, Shepherd JW, Davies GM (1979) Identification of familiar and unfamiliar faces from internal and external features: some implications for theories of face recognition. Perception 8: 431–439. doi: 10.1068/p080431
[41]  Veres-Injac B, Persike M (2009) Recognition of briefly presented familiar and unfamiliar faces. Psihologija 42: 47–66 doi:10.2298/PSI0901047V.
[42]  Campbell R, Walker J, Baron-Cohen S (1995) The use of internal and external face features in the development of familiar face identification. J Exp Child Psychol 59: 196–210. doi: 10.1006/jecp.1995.1009
[43]  Campbell R, Coleman M, Walker J, Benson PJ, Wallace S, et al. (1999) When does the inner-face advantage in familiar face recognition arise and why? Vis cogn 6: 197–216. doi: 10.1080/713756807
[44]  Meinhardt-Injac B, Persike M, Meinhardt G (2014) Integration of internal and external facial features in 8- to 10-year-old children and adults. Acta Psychol (in press). doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.03.008
[45]  Knowles MM, Hay DC (2014) The role of inner and outer face parts in holistic processing: A developmental study. Acta Psychol (in press). doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.03.012
[46]  Cohen-Kadosh K, Johnson MH (2007) Developing a cortex specialized for face perception. Trends Cogn Sci 11: 367–369. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.007
[47]  Golarai G, Ghahremani DG, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Reiss A, Eberhardt JL, et al. (2007) Differential development of high-level visual cortex correlates with category-specific recognition memory. Nat Neurosci 10: 512–522. doi: 10.1038/nn1865
[48]  Golarai G, Liberman A, Yoon JMD, Grill-Spector K (2010) Differential development of the ventral visual cortex extends through adolescence. Front Hum Neurosci 3: 80 doi:10.3389/neuro.09.080.2009.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133