全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用：99美元
投递稿件

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2014 

Political Differences in Past, Present, and Future Life Satisfaction: Republicans Are More Sensitive than Democrats to Political Climate

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098854

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Previous research finds that Republicans report being happier or more satisfied with their lives than Democrats. Using representative American samples from 2002, 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2010, we tested a Person × Situation interactionist account in which political affiliation (Democrat, Republican) and political climate (favorable when the president in office is of the same party) are proposed to affect past, present, and anticipated future life satisfaction. Meta-analyses of related tests of key hypotheses confirmed that (a) life satisfaction was greater when the political climate was favorable rather than unfavorable and (b) Republicans were more sensitive to political climate than Democrats. As predicted, Republicans also were more politically polarized than Democrats. Taken together, the findings indicate that, compared to Democrats, Republicans are more apt to self-identify in political terms, and core aspects of their subjective well-being are more easily affected by the outcome of political events.

 References

[1]  Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas RE, Smith HL (1999) Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychol Bull 125: 276. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
[2]  Seligman ME, Csikszentmihalyi M (2000) Positive psychology: An introduction. Am Psychol 55: 5. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.5
[3]  Carroll J (2007) Most Americans very satisfied with their personal lives. Gallup report. Available: http://www.gallup.com/poll/103483/most-a？mericans-very-satisfiedtheir-personal-li？ves.aspx. Accessed 2013 Dec 26.
[4]  Napier JL, Jost JT (2008) Why are conservatives happier than liberals? Psychol Sci 19: 565–572. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02124.x
[5]  Schlenker BR, Chambers JR, Le BM (2012) Conservatives are happier than liberals, but why? Political ideology, personality, and life satisfaction. J Res Pers 46: 127–146. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.009
[6]  Taylor P, Funk C, Craighill P (2006) Are we happy yet? Pew Research Center. Available: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2006/02/1？3/are-we-happy-yet/. Accessed 2013 Dec 26.
[7]  Jost JT, Hunyady O (2005) Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 14: 260–265. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00377.x
[8]  Vigil JM (2010) Political leanings vary with facial expression processing and psychosocial functioning. Group Process Intergroup Relat 13: 547–558. doi: 10.1177/1368430209356930
[9]  Jetten J, Haslam SA, Barlow FK (2013) Bringing back the system one reason why conservatives are happier than liberals is that higher socioeconomic status gives them access to more group memberships. Soc Psychol Personal Sci 4: 6–13. doi: 10.1177/1948550612439721
[10]  Myers DG (2000) The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. Am Psychol 55: 56. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.56
[11]  Heller D, Watson D, Ilies R (2004) The role of person versus situation in life satisfaction: A critical examination. Psychol Bull 130: 574. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.574
[12]  Endler NS, Magnusson D (1976) Toward an interactional psychology of personality. Psychol Bull 83: 956. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.83.5.956
[13]  Mischel W, Shoda Y (1995) A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychol Rev 102: 246. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.246
[14]  Ross L, Nisbett RE (1991) The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
[15]  Bartels LM (2000) Partisanship and voting behavior, 1952–1996. Am J Polit Sci 44: 35–50. doi: 10.2307/2669291
[16]  Dodd MD, Balzer A, Jacobs CM, Gruszczynski MW, Smith KB, et al. (2012) The political left rolls with the good and the political right confronts the bad: Connecting physiology and cognition to preferences. Phil Trans R Soc B 367: 640–649. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0268
[17]  Schwarz N, Strack F (1999) Reports of subjective well-being: Judgmental processes and their methodological implications. In: Kahneman D, Diener E, Schwarz N. Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 61–84.
[18]  Krizan Z, Miller JC, Johar O (2010) Wishful thinking in the 2008 US presidential election. Psychol Sci 21: 140–146. doi: 10.1177/0956797609356421
[19]  Holbrook AL, Krosnick JA, Visser PS, Gardner WL, Cacioppo JT (2001) Attitudes toward presidential candidates and political parties: Initial optimism, inertial first impressions, and a focus on flaws. Am J Polit Sci: 930–950.
[20]  Evans G, Andersen R (2006) The political conditioning of economic perceptions. J Polit 68: 194–207. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00380.x
[21]  Evans G, Pickup M (2010) Reversing the causal arrow: The political conditioning of economic perceptions in the 2000–2004 US presidential election cycle. J Polit 72: 1236–1251. doi: 10.1017/s0022381610000654
[22]  Johnston R, Sarker R, Jones K, Bolster A, Propper C, et al. (2005) Egocentric economic voting and changes in party choice: Great Britain 1992–2001. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 15: 129–144. doi: 10.1080/13689880500064692
[23]  Gerber AS, Huber GA (2010) Partisanship, political control, and economic assessments. Am J Polit Sci 54: 153–173. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00424.x
[24]  Inbar Y, Pizarro DA, Bloom P (2009) Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals. Cogn Emot 23: 714–725. doi: 10.1080/02699930802110007
[25]  Smith KB, Oxley D, Hibbing MV, Alford JR, Hibbing JR (2011) Disgust sensitivity and the neurophysiology of left-right political orientations. PLoS ONE 6: e25552. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025552
[26]  Carraro L, Castelli L, Macchiella C (2011) The automatic conservative: Ideology-based attentional asymmetries in the processing of valenced information. PLoS ONE 6: e26456. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026456
[27]  Oxley DR, Smith KB, Alford JR, Hibbing MV, Miller JL, et al. (2008) Political attitudes vary with physiological traits. Sci 321: 1667–1670. doi: 10.1126/science.1157627
[28]  Joel S, Burton CM, Plaks JE (2014) Conservatives anticipate and experience stronger emotional reactions to negative outcomes. J Pers 82: 32–43. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12031
[29]  Graham J, Nosek BA, Haidt J (2012) The moral stereotypes of liberals and conservatives: Exaggeration of differences across the political spectrum. PLoS ONE 7: e50092. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050092
[30]  Janoff-Bulman R, Sheikh S, Baldacci KG (2008) Mapping moral motives: Approach, avoidance, and political orientation. J Exp Soc Psychol 44: 1091–1099. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2007.11.003
[31]  Amodio DM, Jost JT, Master SL, Yee CM (2007) Neurocognitive correlates of liberalism and conservatism. Nat Neurosci 10: 1246–1247. doi: 10.1038/nn1979
[32]  Critcher CR, Huber M, Ho AK, Koleva SP (2009) Political orientation and ideological inconsistencies:(dis) comfort with value tradeoffs. Soc Justice Res 22: 181–205. doi: 10.1007/s11211-009-0096-1
[33]  Jost JT, Glaser J, Kruglanski AW, Sulloway FJ (2003) Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychol Bull 129: 339. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339
[34]  Nam HH, Jost JT, Van Bavel JJ (2013) “Not for all the tea in china!” political ideology and the avoidance of dissonance-arousing situations. PLoS ONE 8: e59837. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059837
[35]  Choma BL, Hafer CL, Dywan J, Segalowitz SJ, Busseri MA (2012) Political liberalism and political conservatism: Functionally independent? Pers Individ Dif 53: 431–436. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.012
[36]  Duckitt J, Sibley CG (2009) A dual-process motivational model of ideology, politics, and prejudice. Psychol Inq 20: 98–109. doi: 10.1080/10478400903028540
[37]  Bonaparte Y, Kumar A, Page J (2012) Political climate, optimism, and investment decisions. AFA 2012 Chicago Meetings Paper. Available SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1509168 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1509168
[38]  Bless H, Schwarz N (2010) Mental construal and the emergence of assimilation and contrast effects: The inclusion/exclusion model. Adv Exp Soc Psychol 42: 319–373. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2601(10)42006-7
[39]  Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
[40]  Glass GV, McGaw B, Smith ML (1981) Meta-analysis in social research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
[41]  Cantril H (1965) The patterns of human concern. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
[42]  Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S (1985) The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess 49: 71–75. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
[43]  Simmons JP, Nelson LD, Simonsohn U (2011) False-positive psychology: undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything to seem significant. Psychol Sci 22: 1359–1366. doi: 10.1177/0956797611417632
[44]  Hays WL (1963) Statistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
[45]  Richardson JTE (2011) Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educational Research Review 6: 135–147. doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2010.12.001
[46]  Rice WR, Gaines SD (1994) The ordered-heterogeneity family of tests. Biom 50: 746–752. doi: 10.2307/2532788
[47]  Rosenthal R (1991) Meta-analysis: A review. Psychosom Med 53: 247–271. doi: 10.1097/00006842-199105000-00001
[48]  Tetlock PE (1983) Cognitive style and political ideology. J Pers Soc Psychol 45: 118. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.118
[49]  Proto E, Rustichini A (2013) A reassessment of the relationship between GDP and life satisfaction. PLoS ONE 8: e79358. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079358
[50]  Kifer Y, Heller D, Perunovic WQE, Galinsky AD (2013) The good life of the powerful the experience of power and authenticity enhances subjective well-being. Psychol Sci 24: 280–288. doi: 10.1177/0956797612450891

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133