Pollination is an important physiological process during which interaction between pollen and pistil occurs. This interaction could determine whether or not fertilization will occur and hence the ratio of plant seed setting. Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. (L. chinense) exhibits a distinct phenomenon where seed setting ratio is not more than 10% in natural environment. To explore the origin of this phenomenon, we conducted a comparative morphological and proteomic analysis on L. chinense pistils upon pollination. The morphological analysis showed that pollen grows well in vitro, but much slower on pistil or nutrient medium containing pistil extract. Proteomic analysis showed that 493 proteins had changed the expression after pollination. Among them, 468 and 51 proteins were identified by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis respectively, and 26 proteins were common in the two methods. After proteins functional categorization, 66 differentially expressed proteins that are involved in reproduction process were found. Further analysis showed that among the reproductive process related proteins, protein disulfide-isomerase A6 and four embryo-defective proteins showed closer relations with the low seed setting phenomenon. The results indicated that the element from pistil might be the main reason leading to low seed setting in L. chinense, which will provide new insights in the mechanisms underlying L. chinense reproduction process.
References
[1]
Hunt DR (1998) Magnolias and their allies. International Dendrology Society & Magnolia Society, England.
[2]
Moody RC, Hernandez R, Davalos JF and Sonti SS (1993) Yellow poplar glulam timber beam performance. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison.
[3]
Hernandez R, Davalos JF, Sonti SS, Kim Y and Moody RC (1997) Strength and Stiffness of Reinforced Yellow-Poplar Glued-Laminated Beams. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison.
[4]
Williams RS, Feist WC (2004) Durability of yellow-poplar and sweetgum and service life of finishes after long-term exposure. Forest products journal 54: 96–101.
[5]
Kim KD, Lee EJ (2005) Potential tree species for use in the restoration of unsanitary landfills. Environmental management 36: 1–14.
[6]
Moon MK, Oh HM, Kwon BM, Baek Nl, Kim SH, et al. (2007) Farnesyl protein transferase and tumor cell growth inhibitory activities of lipiferolide isolated fromLiriodendron tulipifera. Archives of Pharmacal Research 30: pp299–302.
[7]
Kudi AC, Umoh JU, Eduvie LO, Gefu J (1999) Screening of some Nigerian medicinal plants for antibacterial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67: 225–228.
[8]
？elen ？, Harper D, Labbé N (2008) A multivariate approach to the acetylated poplar wood samples by near infrared spectroscopy. Holzforschung 62: 189–196.
[9]
Xiang Q, Lee YY, Torget RW (2004) Kinetics of glucose decomposition during dilute-acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 115: pp1127–1138.
[10]
Berlin A, Maximenko V, Bura R, Kang KY, Gilkes N, et al. (2006) A rapid microassay to evaluate enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates. Biotechnology and bioengineering 93: 880–886.
[11]
Parks CR, Wendel JF, Sewell MM, Qiu YL (1990) Genetic Control of Isozyme Variation in the Genus Liriodendron L.(Magnoliaceae). The Journal of Heredity 81: 317–323.
[12]
Hao RM, He SA, Tang SJ, Wu SP (1995) Geographical distribution of Liriodendron chinense in China and its significance. Journal of Plant Resources & Environment 4: 1–6.
[13]
Wang S and Xie Y (1992) Red list of endangered plants in China. Beijing, China: Science Press.
[14]
Fan RW, Ye JG, Yin ZF, Gao HD, You LX (1992) Studies on Seed Development and Embryogenesis in Liriodendron Chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. Acta Botanica Sinica 34: 437–442.
[15]
Huang SQ, Guo YH, Pan MQ, Chen JK (1999) Floral Syndrome and Insect Pollination of Liriodendron Chinense. Acta Botanica Sinica 41: 241–248.
[16]
Huang SQ, Guo YH, Wu Y, Liu Q, Zhang F, et al. (1998) Floral Numerical Variation and Seed Set in Natural Populations of Liriodendron Chinense. Acta Botanica Sinica 40: 22–27.
[17]
Huang SQ, Guo YH (2002) Varition of pollination and resource limitation in a low seed-set tree liriodendron chinese. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 140: 31–38.
[18]
Zhou J, Fan RW (1999) Pollination of Lriodendron Chinense. Chinese Bulletin of Botany 16: 75–79.
[19]
Zhou J, Fan RW (1994) Tests of Pollen Quality and Development of Pollen Tubes in Lriodendron. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 30: 405–411.
[20]
Huang JQ (1998) Embryology Reasons for Lower Seed-setting in Lriodendron Chinense Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College. 15: 267–273.
[21]
Fan RW, You LX (1996) The Embryological Studies of Interspecific Hybrids between Liriodendron Tulipifera and L. Chinense. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University 20: 1–5.
[22]
Hiscock SJ, Allen AM (2008) Diverse cell signalling pathways regulate pollen-stigma interactions: the search for consensus. New Phytologist 179: 286–317.
[23]
Hoagland DR and Arnon DI (1950) The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. California Agricultural Experiment Station,University of California, Berkeley, CA.
[24]
Chi F, Yang PF, Han F, Jing YX, Shen SH (2010) Proteomic analysis of rice seedlings infected by Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. Proteomics 10: 1861–1874.
[25]
Li M, Sha A, Zhou X, Yang P (2012) Comparative proteomic analyses reveal the changes of metabolic features in soybean (Glycine max) pistils upon pollination. Sexual plant reproduction 25: 281–291.
[26]
Yang PF, Li XJ, Wang XQ, Chen H, Chen F, et al. (2007) Proteomic analysis of rice(Oryza sativa) seeds during germination. Proteomics 7: 3358–3368.
[27]
Mooney BP, Krishnan HB, Thelen JJ (2004) High-throughput peptide mass fingerprinting of soybean seed proteins: automated workflow and utility of UniGene expressed sequence tag databases for protein identification. Phytochemistry 65: 1733–1744.
[28]
Makarov A, Denisov E, Kholomeev A, Balschun W, Lange O, et al. (2006) Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Linear Ion Trap/Obitrap Mass Spectrometer. Analytical Chemistry 78: 2113–2120.
[29]
Ducret A, Oostveen IV, Eng JK, III JRY, Aebersold R (1998) High throughput protein characterization by automated reverse-phase charomatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Protein Science 7: 706–719.
[30]
Perkins DN, Pappin DJC, Creasy DM, Cottrell JS (1999) Probability based protein identification by searching sequence database using mass spectrometry data. ELECTROPHORESIS 20: 3551–3567.
[31]
G？tz S, Garc？ ′a-Gómez JM, Terol J, Williams TD, Nagaraj SH, et al. (2008) High-throughput functional annotation and data mining with the Blast2GO suite. Nucleic acids research 36: 3420–3435.
[32]
Conesa A, G？tz S (2008) Blast2GO: A comprehensive suite for functional analysis in plant genomics. International journal of plant genomics 2008: 619832.
[33]
Conesa A, G？tz S, García-Gómez JM, Terol J, Talón M, et al. (2005) Blast2GO: a universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research. Bioinformatics 21: 3674–3676.
[34]
G？tz t, Arnold R, Sebastián-León P, Martín-Rodríguez S, Tischler P, et al. (2011) B2G-FAR, a species-centered GO annotation repository. Bioinformatics 27: 919–924.
[35]
Qin Y, Wysocki RJ, Somogyi A, Feinstein Y, Franco JY, et al. (2011) Sulfinylated azadecalins act as functional mimics of a pollen germination stimulant in Arabidopsis pistils. The Plant journal: for cell and molecular biology 68: 800–815.
[36]
Kanungo T, Mount DM, Netanyahu NS, Piatko CD, Silverman R, et al. (2002) An efficient k-means clustering algorithm analysis and implementation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 24: 881–892.
[37]
Wilkinson B, Gilbert HF (2004) Protein disulfide isomerase. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1699: 35–44.
[38]
Gruber CW, Cemazar M, Heras B, Martin JL, Craik DJ (2006) Protein disulfide isomerase: the structure of oxidative folding. Trends in biochemical sciences 31: 455–464.
[39]
Gruber CW, Cemazar M, Clark RJ, Horibe T, Renda RF, et al. (2007) A novel plant protein-disulfide isomerase involved in the oxidative folding of cystine knot defense proteins. The Journal of biological chemistry 282: 20435–20446.
[40]
Kim YJ, Yeu SY, Park BS, Koh HJ, Song JT, et al. (2012) Protein disulfide isomerase-like protein 1-1 controls endosperm development through regulation of the amount and composition of seed proteins in rice. PloS one 7: e44493.
[41]
Pagnussat GC, Yu HJ, Ngo QA, Rajani S, Mayalagu S, et al. (2005) Genetic and molecular identification of genes required for female gametophyte development and function in Arabidopsis. Development 132: 603–614.
[42]
Wang H, Boavida LC, Ron M, McCormick S (2008) Truncation of a protein disulfide isomerase, PDIL2-1, delays embryo sac maturation and disrupts pollen tube guidance in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant cell 20: 3300–3311.
[43]
Meinke D, Sweeney C, Muralla R (2009) Integrating the Genetic and Physical Maps of Arabidopsis thaliana: Identification of Mapped Alleles of Cloned Essential (EMB) Genes. PloS one 4(10): e7386.
[44]
Muralla R, Lloyd J, Meinke D (2011) Molecular foundations of reproductive lethality in Arabidopsis thaliana. PloS one 6(12): e28398.
[45]
Bryant N, Lloyd J, Sweeney C, Myouga F, Meinke D (2011) Identification of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localized proteins required for embryo development in Arabidopsis. Plant physiology 155: 1678–1689.
[46]
Tzafrir I, Pena-Muralla R, Dickerman A, Berg M, Rogers R, et al. (2004) Identification of genes required for embryo development in Arabidopsis. Plant physiology 135: 1206–1220.
[47]
Devic M (2008) The importance of being essential: EMBRYO-DEFECTIVE genes in Arabidopsis. Comptes rendus biologies 331: 726–736.
