In a construction project, selection of an appropriate method in the planning/design stage is very important for ensuring effective project implementation and success. Many companies have adopted the life cycle cost (LCC) method, one of the methods for analyzing economic efficiency, for appropriate decision-making in the basic/detailed design stage by estimating overall costs and expenses generated over the entire project. This paper presents an LCC method for calculating the LCC of CO 2 (LCCO 2), based on materials committed during the lifecycle of a structure for each roof waterproofing method and adding this cost to the LCC for comparative analysis. Thus, this technique presents the LCC that includes the cost of CO 2 emission. The results show that in terms of initial construction cost, asphalt waterproofing had the highest CO 2 emission cost, followed by sheet waterproofing. LCCO 2 did not greatly influence the initial construction cost and maintenance cost, as it is relatively smaller than the LCC. However, when the number of durable years was changed, the LCC showed some changes.
References
[1]
Project Management Institute (PMI). Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge; PMI: Newtown Square, PA, USA, 2004.
[2]
Khasreen, M.M.; Banfill, P.F.G.; Menzies, G.F. Life-cycle assessment and the environmental impact of buildings: A review. Sustainability 2009, 1, 674–701, doi:10.3390/su1030674.
[3]
Lawrence, T.M.; Braun, J.E. Evaluation of simplified models for predicting CO2 concentrations in small commercial buildings. Build. Environ. 2006, 41, 184–194, doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.01.003.
[4]
Radhi, H. Evaluating the potential impact of global warming on the UAE residential buildings—a contribution to reduce the CO2 emissions. Build. Environ. 2009, 44, 2451–2462, doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.04.006.
[5]
Oh, S.K.; Bae, K.S.; Kim, Y.S. A study on the evaluation of composite coatings of cement and powder used as waste tire and glass. Archit. Inst. Korea 2004, 20, 47–52.
[6]
Kang, C.H.; Kim, Y.S. The current status and case studies on the waterproofing defects in the underground parking lot of apartment buildings. Proc. Archit. Inst. Korea 2001, 21, 503–506.
[7]
An, G.U.; Lee, J.Y. Defection analysis of the waterproof work for the quality control of construction site. Archit. Inst. Korea 2005, 21, 123–130.
[8]
Oh, S.K.; Kwak, K.S.; Choi, S.M.; Kwan, S.W. Improvement of selection system of waterproofing methods for concrete structure. Korea Inst. Build. Constr. 2007, 7, 99–106.
[9]
Dale, A.T.; Lucena, A.F.P.; Marriott, J.; Borba, B.S.M.C.; Schaeffer, R.; Bilec, M.M. Modeling future life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impacts of electricity supplies in Brazil. Energies 2013, 6, 3182–3208, doi:10.3390/en6073182.
[10]
Choi, O.Y.; Kim, T.; Kim, G. A study on selection of roof waterproofing method by analyzing life cycle costing. Korea Inst. Build. Constr. 2008, 1, 127–134, doi:10.5345/JKIC.2008.8.5.127.
[11]
Choi, S.M.; Oh, S.K.; Seo, C.H. A study on the selection of the waterproofing methods which VE/RWLCC analysis methodology in roof of structure. Archit. Inst. Korea 2009, 25, 161–168.
[12]
Wang, C.; Zhang, L.; Yang, S.; Pang, M. A hybrid life-cycle assessment of non-renewable energy and greenhouse-gas emissions of a village-level biomass gasification project in China. Energies 2012, 5, 2708–2723, doi:10.3390/en5082708.
[13]
Promjiraprawat, K.; Limmeechokchai, B. Assessment of Thailand’s energy policies and CO2 emissions: Analyses of energy efficiency measures and renewable power generation. Energies 2012, 5, 925–937, doi:10.3390/en5040925.
[14]
Kim, J.Y.; Lee, S.E.; Sohn, J.Y. An assessment of the energy consumption & CO2 emission during the construction stage of apartments. Archit. Inst. Korea 2005, 21, 199–206.
[15]
Gao, L.; Winfield, Z.C. Life cycle assessment of environmental and economic impacts of advanced vehicles. Energies 2012, 5, 605–620, doi:10.3390/en5030605.
[16]
Lee, B.Y.; Kim, B.R.; Kim, G.H. Comparison of construction costs of masonry wall types, including CO2 emission costs. Korea Inst. Build. Constr. 2010, 10, 83–90.
[17]
KICT. Life cycle analysis annual report. Available online: http://www.kict.re.kr/ (accessed on 27 September 2013).
[18]
Jung, S.S.; Kim, D.W. A study on the development of cost breakdown structure in present worth method and annul worth method by HAVC system for systematic LCC calculation. Archit. Inst. Korea 2002, 18, 167–174.
[19]
Son, B.S.; Jang, M.H.; Lee, H.Y. A method of economic analysis for remodelling of apartments using the life cycle costing. Archit. Inst. Korea 2005, 21, 73–81.
[20]
Choi, M.S.; Kim, M.H. The variation characteristics of life cycle cost in a office building according to the discount rates and inflation rates. Archit. Inst. Korea 2006, 22, 131–137.