| [1] | Canadian Parks and Recreation Association (CPRA) Benefits of Parks and Recreation Home Page. 1997. Available online: http://www.cpra.ca/main.php?action=cms.initBeneParksRec (accessed on 23 September 2012).
|
| [2] | International ParalympicCommittee (IPC) and Rehabilitation International (RI). Disability Right Toolkit, International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and Rehabilitation International (RI), 2008.
|
| [3] | European Parliament. Situation of disabled people in the enlarged European Union: the European Action Plan 2006–2007. INI/2006/2105. 2006.
|
| [4] | Lundberg, N.R.; Groff, D.G.; Zabriskie, R.B. Psychological Need Satisfaction through Sports Participation among International Athletes with Cerebral Palsy. Annals of Leisure Research 2010, 13, 102–115, doi:10.1080/11745398.2010.9686840.
|
| [5] | Campbell, E.; Jones, G. Psychological well–being in wheelchair sport participants and nonparticipants. APAQ 1994, 11, 404–415.
|
| [6] | Vliet, P.V.; Biesen, D.V.; Vanlandewijck, Y.C. Athletic identity and self–esteem in Flemish athletes with a disability. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity 2011, 1, 1.
|
| [7] | Ferreira, J.P.; Fox, K.R. Self–perceptions and exercise in groups with special needs. In Physical Activity and promotion of Mental Health; Ferreira J., P., Gaspar, C., Fontes Ribeiro , A.M., Senra, C., Eds.; Portugal: Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educa？？o Física – Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 2004; pp. 33–40.
|
| [8] | Kew, F. Sport: Social problems and issues; Butterworth, Heinemann: Oxford, UK, 1997.
|
| [9] | Brittain, I. Perception of disability and their impact upon involvement in sports for people with disabilities at all levels. Journal of Sports & Social Issues 2004, 28, 429–452.
|
| [10] | Morris, J. Former swimmer hopes to bring athlete's view to job as Paralympic assistant chef; Former Paralympic swimmer named assistant chef. The Canadian Press, Toronto 2010.
|
| [11] | Hannon, F. Promoting the Participation of People with Disabilities in Physical Activity and Sport in Ireland. National Disability Authority, Ireland, 2005. Available online: http://www.nda.ie/cntmgmtnew.nsf/0/7020D28F7F65773A802570F30057F05E/$File/Promoting_Participation_Sport.pdf (accessed on 23 September 2012).
|
| [12] | Lakowski, T.; Long, T. Proceedings: Physical Activity and Sport for People with Disabilities. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center for Child and Human Development Home Page. Available online: http://www.gucchdgeorgetown.net/ucedd/documents/athletic_equity/Physical_Activity_Proceedings.pdf (accessed on 23 September 2012).
|
| [13] | International Paralympic Committee (IPC) Vision, Mission & Values. International Paralympic Committee (IPC) Home Page, Available online: http://www.paralympic.org/IPC/Vision_Mission_Values.html (accessed on 23 September 2012).
|
| [14] | Nord, D.P. A Republican Literature: A Study of Magazine Reading and Readers in Late Eighteenth–Century New York. American Quarterly 1988, 40, 42–64, doi:10.2307/2713141.
|
| [15] | Weiner, B.I. The Americanization and Periodical Publication, 1750–1810. Cercles 2009, 19, 102–113.
|
| [16] | Weinstock Netanel, N. Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society. Yale Law Journal 1996, 106, 292–392.
|
| [17] | Wallack, L. Mass media and health promotion: Promise, problem and challenge. In Mass communication and public health: Complexities and conflicts; Atkins, C., Wallack, L., Eds.; Sage: Newbury Park, CA, 1990.
|
| [18] | Burns, A.S. Banks: Restricted reading, rehabilitation and prisoners' first amendment rights. Journal of Law and Policy 2007, 15, 1225–1270.
|
| [19] | Kellner, D. Media culture: Cultural studies, identity and politics between the modern and the postmodern; Psychology Press: London, UK, 1995.
|
| [20] | Noelle–Neumann, E. Wirkung der Massenmedien auf die Meinungsbildung. Fischer Lexikon Publizistik Massenkommunikation 1994, 5, 518–570.
|
| [21] | Schantz, O.J.; Gilbert, K. An ideal misconstrued: newspaper coverage of the Atlanta Paralympic Games in France and Germany. Sociology of Sport Journal 2001, 18, 69–94.
|
| [22] | Brisenden, S. Independent Living and the Medical Model of Disability. Disability & Society 1986, 1, 173–178.
|
| [23] | Learned, W.S. The American Public Library And The Diffusion Of Knowledge; Carnegie Foundation: New York, 1924.
|
| [24] | Lazarsfeld, P.F.; Merton, R.K. Mass communication, popular taste and organized social action. Media Studies: A Reader, 2nd edn. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999) 1971, 18–30.
|
| [25] | Duffy, J.; Yeargeau, M. Editors' Introduction. Disability Studies Quarterly 2011, 31, 3.
|
| [26] | Barnes, C. Disabling imagery and the media: An exploration of the principles for media representations of disabled people; BCODP: London, 1992.
|
| [27] | Goggin, G.; Newell, C. Crippling paralympics?: Media, disability and olympism. Media International Australia, Incorporating Culture & Policy 2000, 97, 71.
|
| [28] | Myers Hardin, M.; Hardin, B. The 'Supercrip' in sport media: Wheelchair athletes discuss hegemony's disabled hero. Sociology of Sport Online 2004, 7, 1.
|
| [29] | Howe, P.D. From Inside the Newsroom. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 2008, 43, 135–150, doi:10.1177/1012690208095376.
|
| [30] | Howe, P.D. Cyborg and Supercrip: The Paralympics Technology and the (Dis) empowerment of Disabled Athletes. Sociology 2011, 45, 868–882, doi:10.1177/0038038511413421.
|
| [31] | MacDonald, M. 6 Media and the Paralympic Games. The Paralympic Games: Empowerment Or Side Show? 2009, 1, 68.
|
| [32] | Stein, J.U. US media where were you during the 1988 Paralympics? Palaestra, Summer 1989, 45–52.
|
| [33] | Darcy, S. The politics of disability and access: the Sydney 2000 Games experience. Disability & Society 2003, 18, 737–757.
|
| [34] | Fay, T.; Burton, R.; Grevemberg, D. A marketing analysis of the 2000 Paralympic Games: are the components in place to build an emerging global brand? CSSS Staff Presentations. Paper 2 Home Page, Available online: http://iris.lib.neu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=sport_staff_pres (accessed on 23 September 2012).
|
| [35] | Wickman, K. Bending mainstream definitions of sport, gender and ability: Representations of wheelchair racers(doctoral dissertation), Department of Education, Ume？ University, Sweden Home Page. Available online: http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:141458/FULLTEXT01 (accessed on 23 September 2012).
|
| [36] | Golden, A. An analysis of the dissimilar coverage of the 2002 Olympics and Paralympics: Frenzied pack journalism versus the empty press room. Disability Studies Quarterly 2003, 23, 3–4.
|
| [37] | Ellis, K. Beyond the Aww Factor: Human interest Profiles of Paralympians and the media navigation of physical difference and social stigma. Asia Pacific Media Educator 2008, 19, 23.
|
| [38] | The New York Times Company About the Company: Pulitzer Prizes. New York Times Company Home Page, Available online: http://www.nytco.com/company/awards/pulitzer_prizes.html (accessed on 23 September 2012).
|
| [39] | Althaus, S.L.; Tewksbury, D. Agenda setting and the ？￡new ？？ news patterns of issue importance among readers of the paper and online versions of the New York Times. Communication Research 2002, 29, 180–207, doi:10.1177/0093650202029002004.
|
| [40] | Iyengar, S.; Kinder, D.R. News that matters: Television and American opinion; University of Chicago Press, 2010.
|
| [41] | The, A.P. Without a Physical Director. New York Times(1923–Current file) 1894, 3.
|
| [42] | Associated Press British Olympic Plans Are Delayed for Lack of Funds. New York Times 1920, 14.
|
| [43] | Rusk, H. Sports Competition a Boon To Health of Handicapped. New York Times 1952, 47.
|
| [44] | 11 Fly to Paralympics. New York Times (1923-Current file) 1955, 36.
|
| [45] | Smothers, R. Welcoming the Disabled, Atlanta Lets the Games Begin, Again. New York Times 1996, 25.
|
| [46] | Ridgley, G. The media and the Paralympics Home Page. Available online: http://www.bl.uk/sportandsociety/exploresocsci/sportsoc/media/articles/paramedia.html (accessed on 23 September 2012).
|
| [47] | Peers, D. (Dis) empowering Paralympic histories: absent athletes and disabling discourses. Disability & Society 2009, 24, 653–665.
|
| [48] | Wolbring, G. Oscar Pistorius and the Future Nature of Olympic, Paralympic and Other Sports. SCRIPTed – A Journal of Law, Technology & Society 2008, 5, 139–160.
|
| [49] | The, A.P. Pistorius Sprints to Gold in First of His Three Races. New York Times 2008, D6.
|
| [50] | Vecsey, G. Strides, Often Painful,, but Always, Always Forward. New York Times 2010, D5.
|
| [51] | Schwarz, A. A Severely Injured Soldier Re-emerges as a Sprinter. New York Times 2009, B9.
|
| [52] | The, A.P. Pistorius Upset in 200 Meters. New York Times 2012, D4.
|
| [53] | Sarah, M.N. Paralympians' Equipment Raises Debate on Fairness. New York Times 2012, SP8.
|
| [54] | Longman, J. Embracing the Equality of Opportunity. New York Times 2008, D1.
|
| [55] | The, A.P. China Back On Global Sports Stage. New York Times 2008, SP12.
|
| [56] | The, A.P. After Olympic Disappointment, Gold at Paralympics. New York Times 2008, D6.
|
| [57] | The, A.P. South African Swimmer Wins Her Fourth Gold Medal. New York Times 2008, D6.
|
| [58] | Longman, J. Debate on Amputee Sprinter: Is He Disabled or Too-Abled? New York Times 2007, A1.
|
| [59] | Longman, J. It's all in the timing. New York Times 1995, B8.
|
| [60] | Vecsey, G. The Amateur Ideal: Voters Know a Star When They See One. New York Times 2007, H3.
|
| [61] | Dajani, K. Other Research--What's in a Name? Terms Used to Refer to People With Disabilities. Disability Studies Quarterly 2001, 21, 3.
|
| [62] | The, A.P. Paralympic Group Orders Suspensions. New York Times 2001, D7.
|
| [63] | Special to The New York Times Money Troubles Eased in Wheelchair Games. New York Times (1923-Current file) 1984, 1.
|
| [64] | By The New York Times Safety of the Summer Games Still Worrying Organizers. New York Times (1923-Current file) 1996, 29.
|
| [65] | Schwarz, A. Court lets ruling stand in U.S.O.C. case; [Sports desk]. New York Times 2008, B20.
|
| [66] | Vecsey, G. Still Living on the Line. New York Times (1923-Current file) 1988, D19.
|
| [67] | Schwirtz, M. Disabled Athletes Defy an Unaccommodating City. New York Times 2010, A10.
|
| [68] | Lyall, S. At Paralympics, First Thing Judged Is Disability. New York Times 2012, A1.
|
| [69] | Schwarz, A. A Disabled Swimmer's Dream, a Mother's Fight. New York Times 2008, A1.
|
| [70] | Museler, C. Nick Scandone, 42, Winner Of Paralympics Sailing Gold. New York Times 2009, B7.
|
| [71] | Frosch, D. Warriors Forever. New York Times 2011, SP4.
|
| [72] | Schwarz, A. The Art and Science of Wheelchair Basketball. New York Times 2008, SP5.
|
| [73] | International Paralympic Committee IPC classification code and international standard. International Paralympic Committee Home Page, Available online: http://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/120201084329386_2008_2_Classification_Code6.pdf (accessed on 23 September 2012).
|
| [74] | Barnes, C. Discrimination: disabled people and the media. Contact 1991, 70, 15–19.
|
| [75] | Harnett, A. Escaping the ？evil avenger？ and the ？supercrip？: images of disability in popular television. Irish Communications Review 2000, 8, 21–29.
|
| [76] | Kama, A. Supercrips versus the pitiful handicapped: Reception of disabling images by disabled audience members. Communications 2004, 29, 447–466.
|
| [77] | Meeuf, R. John Wayne as" Supercrip": Disabled Bodies and the Construction of" Hard" Masculinity in The Wings of Eagles. Cinema Journal 2009, 48, 88–113, doi:10.1353/cj.0.0084.
|
| [78] | Booher, A.K. Docile bodies, supercrips and the plays of prosthetics. International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 2010, 3, 63–89, doi:10.2979/FAB.2010.3.2.63.
|
| [79] | Hardin, M.; Hardin, B. How elite wheelchair athletes relate to sport media. The Paralympic Games: Empowerment or sideshow 2008, 25–33.
|
| [80] | The Associated Press, “Wheel Chair Unit a Victor in Sports: Polio Victims, All with Pan-American Airways, Tell of English Triumphs,”. New York Times 1955, 16.
|
| [81] | Vecsey, G. Other games headed to town. New York Times 2002, D1.
|
| [82] | Berger, R.J. Disability and the Dedicated Wheelchair Athlete. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 2008, 37, 647–678, doi:10.1177/0891241607309892.
|
| [83] | Cherney, J.L.; Lindemann, K. Sporting Images of Disability. Examining identity in sports media 2009, 195, 1.
|
| [84] | Olenik, L.M.; Matthews, J.M.; Steadward, R.D. Women, Disability and Sport: Unheard Voices. Canadian Woman Studies 1995, 15, 4.
|
| [85] | Schell, L.A.; Duncan, M.C. A content analysis of CBS's coverage of the 1996 Paralympic Games. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 1999, 16, 27–47.
|
| [86] | Scott Hogsett as told do Dana Adam Shapiro Not One for the Sidelines. New York Times (1923-Current file) 2004, 140.
|
| [87] | Ellis, K. Beyond the Aww Factor: Human interest Profiles of Paralympians and the media navigation of physical difference and social stigma. Asia Pacific Media Educator 2009, 1, 23–36.
|
| [88] | By Tony Kornheiser Special to The New York Times Desire Spurs Top Athletes On Wheels. New York Times (1923-Current file) 1976, 39.
|
| [89] | Wilson, E. Model and Front-Runner. New York Times 2011, E1.
|
| [90] | Dewan, S. A long-ago refuge still tends to the needs of polio survivors. 2005.
|
| [91] | Howard, A.R. Paralyzed Athletes, With Big Victories Behind Them, Open Olympics This Week. New York Times (1923-Current file) 1960, 134.
|
| [92] | Purdue, D.E.J.; Howe, P.D. See the sport, not the disability: exploring the Paralympic paradox. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 2012, 4, 189–205, doi:10.1080/2159676X.2012.685102.
|
| [93] | Trumbull, R. 369 to compete in Paralympics: wheelchair games due to open at Tokyo today. New York Times 1964, S2.
|
| [94] | Special to The New York Times Elite Athlete Chases More Than a Medal. New York Times 1991, B11.
|
| [95] | Litsky, F. A Blind Rider Races Into the Nationals. New York Times 1997, 31.
|
| [96] | On your own; One-Legged Runner Tries to Inspire Others. New York Times 1990, C10.
|
| [97] | Museler, C. Unforeseen Change of Course. New York Times 2008, 0-D.
|
| [98] | Wolbring, G. Paralympians outperforming Olympians: An increasing challenge for Olymp-ism and the Paralympic and Olympic movement. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 2012.
|
| [99] | Wolbring, G.; Legg, D.; Stahnisch, F.W. Meaning of Inclusion throughout the History of the Paralympic Games and Movement. The International Journal of Sport & Society 2010, 1, 81–93.
|
| [100] | Howard, H. Park city center offers a new rush for athletes with disabilities. New York Times 2005, D2.
|
| [101] | Schwarz, A. The Art and Science of Wheelchair Basketball. New York Times 2008, SP2.
|
| [102] | El-Bashir, T. Amputee takes sheer speed and will to Atlanta. New York Times 1996, B13.
|
| [103] | Dicker, R. New equipment stirs division within wheelchair ranks. New York Times 2000, SP9.
|
| [104] | Vecsey, G. Sports of The Times; Still Living on the Line. New York Times 1988.
|
| [105] | Martin, D. After the olympics, games of another kind begin. New York Times 1988, A1, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31806.x.
|
| [106] | Helou, P. Article 7 -- No title. New York Times 1991, L14.
|
| [107] | Ryan, B. It's Back to Barcelona: Let the Games Begin Once Again! New York Times 1992, CN1.
|
| [108] | Hirschberg, L. Hot wheels. New York Times 2005, 42–47.
|
| [109] | Holden, S. These Gladiators on Wheels Are Not Playing for a Hug. New York Times 2005, E8.
|
| [110] | Holden, S. These gladiators on wheels are not playing for a hug. 2005.
|
| [111] | Wheelchair games; Racing Off To New Athletic Titles. New York Times 1993, B18.
|
| [112] | Longman, J. New York City Marathon; Proceeding With Caution. New York Times 1995, B9.
|
| [113] | Longman, J. New York City Marathon; Proceeding With Caution. New York Times 1995, B9.
|
| [114] | Lindfelt, M. Elite sports in tension: making identification the core moral norm for professional sports in the future. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics 2010, 13, 186–198.
|
| [115] | Billings, A.C. Talking Around Race: Stereotypes, Media and the Twenty-First Century Collegiate Athlete. Wake Forest JL & Pol'y 2012, 2, 199–533.
|
| [116] | Grainger, A.; Newman, J.I.; Andrews, D.L. Chapter 27-Sport, the Media and the Construction of Race. Routledge Online Studies on the Olympic and Paralympic Games 2012, 1, 482–504.
|
| [117] | Knight, J.L.; Giuliano, T.A. He's a Laker; she's a looker: The consequences of gender-stereotypical portrayals of male and female athletes by the print media. Sex Roles 2001, 45, 217–229, doi:10.1023/A:1013553811620.
|
| [118] | Polney, M.P. Gendered representations of college athletes: a content analysis of newspaper coverage of March Madness. , 2012.
|
| [119] | Riebock, A. Sexualized Representation of Female Athletes in the Media: How Does it Affect Collegiate Female Athlete Body Perceptions? 2012.
|
| [120] | Hachman, M. Prosthetic Limbs Give Runner Unfair Advantage. Extremetech Magazine Home Page, Available online: http://www.extremetech.com/computing/80926-prosthetic-limbs-give-runner-unfair-advantage (accessed on 23 September 2012).
|
| [121] | Michaelis, V. Running down a dream: Leg amputee makes U.S. track team. USA Today Home Page, Available online: http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/summer/track/2010-04-25-amputee-runner_N.htm (accessed on 23 September 2012).
|
| [122] | Seymour, W. Remaking the Body: Rehabilitation and Change, 1998.
|
