Based on the core hysteresis features, the RTD-fluxgate core, while working, is repeatedly saturated with excitation field. When the fluxgate simulates, the accurate characteristic model of the core may provide a precise simulation result. As the shape of the ideal hysteresis loop model is fixed, it cannot accurately reflect the actual dynamic changing rules of the hysteresis loop. In order to improve the fluxgate simulation accuracy, a dynamic hysteresis loop model containing the parameters which have actual physical meanings is proposed based on the changing rule of the permeability parameter when the fluxgate is working. Compared with the ideal hysteresis loop model, this model has considered the dynamic features of the hysteresis loop, which makes the simulation results closer to the actual output. In addition, other hysteresis loops of different magnetic materials can be explained utilizing the described model for an example of amorphous magnetic material in this manuscript. The model has been validated by the output response comparison between experiment results and fitting results using the model.
References
[1]
Paperno, E.; Weiss, E.; Plotkin, A.A. Tube-core orthogonal fluxgate operated in fundamental mode. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2008, 44, 4018–4021.
[2]
Cao, D.; Liu, S.; Jiang, C. Maximum energy transfer conditions in parametric amplification of current-output fluxgate sensors. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2011, 173, 136–140.
[3]
David, C.; Marina, D.-M.; Lucas, P.; Claudio, A. Small fluxgate magnetometers: Development and future trends in Spain. Sensors 2010, 10, 1859–1870.
[4]
Primdahl, F. The fluxgate mechanism, Part I: The gating curves of parallel and orthogonal fluxgates. IEEE Trans. Magn. 1970, 6, 376–383.
[5]
Kuchenbrandt, K.; Huhnke, D.; Lauckner, K.; Schilling, M. Preparation and Properties of Micro-Fabricated Fluxgate Sensors. Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Solid-State Transducers (Eurosensors XVI), Prague, Czech Republic, 15–18 September 2002; pp. 587–588.
Kejik, P.; Chiesi, L.; Janossy, B.; Popovic, R.S. A new compact 2D planar fluxgate sensor with amorphous metal core. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2000, 81, 180–183.
[8]
Andò, B.; Baglio, S.; Bulgan, A.R.; Csmso, V.; Castohs, S. A New Readout Strategy for Fluxgate Sensor. Proceedings of the 20th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (IMTC 2003), Vail, CO, USA, 20–22 May 2003; pp. 600–604.
[9]
Andò, B.; Baglio, S.; Bulsara, A.R.; Sacco, V. “Residence times difference” fluxgate. Measurement 2005, 38, 89–112.
[10]
Bulsara, A.R.; Seberino, C.; Gammaitoni, L.; Karlsson, M.F.; Lundqvist, B.; Robinson, J.W.C. Signal detection via residence-time asymmetry in noisy bistable devices. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 67, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.67.016120.
[11]
Nikitin, A.; Stocks, N.G.; Bulsara, A.R. Signal detection via residence times statistics: Noise-mediated minimization of the measurement error. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 68, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.68.036133.
[12]
Lei, C.; Wang, R.; Zhou, Y.; Zhou, Z. MEMS micro fluxgate sensors with mutual vertical excitation coils and detection coils. Microsyst. Technol. 2009, 15, 969–972.
[13]
Eyal, W.; Eugene, P. Noise investigation of the orthogonal fluxgate employing alternating direct current bias. J. Appl. Phys 2011, 109, doi:10.1063/1.3562979.
[14]
Ripka, P.; Butta, M.; Jie, F.; Li, X. Sensitivity and noise of wire-core transverse fluxgate. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2010, 46, 654–657.
[15]
Pavel, R. Contribution to the ring-core fluxgate theory. Phys. Scr. 1989, 40, 544–547.
[16]
Primdahl, F. The fluxgate magnetometer. J. Phys. E Sci. Instrum. 1979, 12, 241–253.
[17]
Primdahl, F.; Hernando, B.; Nilsen, O.V.; Petersen, J.R. Demagnetizing factor and noise in the fluxgate ring core sensor. J. Phys. E Sci. Instrum. 1989, 22, 1004–1008.
[18]
Bornhofft, W.; Trenkler, G. Sensors: A Comprehensive Survey. In Magnetic Sensors; Gopel, W., Hesse, J., Zemel, J.N., Eds.; VCH, FRG: New York, NY, USA, 1989; Volume 5, pp. 152–165.
[19]
Héctor, T.; Juan, C.; Mairée, R.; Mario, B. Analysis of the fluxgate response through a simple spice model. Sens. Actuators 1999, 75, 1–7.
[20]
Fiorillo, F. Measurement and Characterization of Magnetic Materials; Elsevier-Academic Press: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2004; pp. 307–432.
[21]
Canepa, F.; Chirafici, S.; Napolentano, M.; Masini, R. Nonlinear effects in the ac magnetic susceptibility of selected magnetic materials. J. Alloys Comp. 2007, 442, 142–145.
[22]
Pólik, Z.; Kuczmann, M. Measuring and control the hysteresis loop by using analog and digital integrators. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 2008, 10, 1861–1865.
[23]
Theil, K.L.; Geim, A.K.; Lok, J.G.S.; Hedegard, P.; Ylanen, K.; Jensen, J.B.; Johnson, E.; Lindelof, P.E. Magnetisation of isolated single crystalline Fe-nanoparticles measured by a ballistic hall micro-magnetometer. Eur. Phys. J. D 2000, 10, 259–263.
Andò, B.; Baglio, S.; Bulsara, A.; la Malfa, S. RTD Fluxgate Behavioral Model for Circuit Simulation. Proceedings of European Conference on Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (Eurosensors XXIV), Linz, Austria, 5–8 September 2010; pp. 1288–1291.
[26]
Andò, B.; Baglio, S.; Bulsara, A.R.; Sacco, V. RTD fluxgate: A low-power nonlinear device to sense weak magnetic fields. IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag. 2005, 8, 64–73.
[27]
Andò, B.; Baglio, S.; Bulsara, A.R.; la Malfa, S. Adaptive modeling of hysteretic magnetometers. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2012, 61, 1361–1367.
[28]
Andò, B.; Baglio, S.; Bulsara, A.R.; Sacco, V. “Residence Times Difference” fluxgate magnetometers. IEEE Sens. J. 2005, 5, 895–904.
[29]
Andò, B.; Baglio, S.; Sacco, V.; Bulsara, A.R. Effects of driving mode and optimal material selection on a residence times difference-based fluxgate magnetometer. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2005, 54, 1366–1373.
[30]
Andò, B.; Baglio, S.; Bulsara, A.R.; Caruso, V.; Sacco, V.V. Investigate the Optimal Geometry to Minimize the Demagnetizing Effect in RTD-Fluxgate. Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (IMTC 2006), Sorrento, Italy, 24–27 April 2006; pp. 2175–2178.
[31]
Andò, B.; Ascia, A.; Baglio, S.; Bulsara, A.R.V. Towards an optimal readout of a RTD fluxgate magnetometer. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2008, 142, 73–79.
