Mobile wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), which consist of mobile sink or sensor nodes and use rich sensing information, require much faster and more reliable wireless links than static wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper proposes an adaptive multi-node (MN) multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) transmission to improve the transmission reliability and capacity of mobile sink nodes when they experience spatial correlation. Unlike conventional single-node (SN) MIMO transmission, the proposed scheme considers the use of transmission antennas from more than two sensor nodes. To find an optimal antenna set and a MIMO transmission scheme, a MN MIMO channel model is introduced first, followed by derivation of closed-form ergodic capacity expressions with different MIMO transmission schemes, such as space-time transmit diversity coding and spatial multiplexing. The capacity varies according to the antenna correlation and the path gain from multiple sensor nodes. Based on these statistical results, we propose an adaptive MIMO mode and antenna set switching algorithm that maximizes the ergodic capacity of mobile sink nodes. The ergodic capacity of the proposed scheme is compared with conventional SN MIMO schemes, where the gain increases as the antenna correlation and path gain ratio increase.
Rezazadeh, J.; Moradi, M.; Ismail, A.S. Mobile wireless sensor networks overview. Int. J. Comput. Commun. Netw. 2012, 2, 17–22.
[3]
Rezazadeh, J.; Moradi, M.; Ismail, A.S. Efficient Localization via Middlenode Cooperation in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of International Conference on Electrical, Control, and Computer Engineering, Pahang, Malaysia, 21–22 June 2011; pp. 410–415.
[4]
Meghanathan, N. Impact of the Gauss-Markov mobility model on network connectivity, lifetime, and hop count of routers for mobile Ad-hoc networks. J. Netw. 2010, 5, 509–516.
[5]
Amundson, I.; Koutsoukos, X.D. A Survey on Localization for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of Second International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking, Orlando, FL, USA, 30 September 2009; pp. 235–254.
[6]
Ekici, E.; Gu, Y.; Bozdag, D. Mobility-based communication in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2006, 44, 56–62.
[7]
Munir, S.A.; Ren, B.; Jiao, W.; Wang, B.; Xie, D.; Ma, J. Mobile Wireless Sensor Network: Architecture and Enabling Technologies for Ubiquitous Computing. Proceedings of International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, Niagara Falls, ON, Canada, 21–27 May 2007; pp. 113–120.
[8]
Amundson, I.; Koutsoukos, X.; Sallai, J. Mobile Sensor Localization and Navigation Using RF Doppler Shifts. Proceedings of ACM International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-Less Environment, New York, NY, USA, 14–19 September 2008.
[9]
Misra, S.; Reisslein, M.; Xue, G. A survey of multimedia streaming in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor 2008, 10, 18–39.
[10]
Akyildiz, I.F.; Melodia, T.; Chowdhury, K.R. Wireless multimedia sensor networks: Applications and testbeds. Proc. IEEE. 2008, 96, 1588–1605.
[11]
Tarokh, V.; Jafarkhani, H.; Calderbank, A.R. Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs. IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 1999, 45, 1456–1467.
[12]
Alamouti, S.M. A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 1998, 16, 1451–1458.
[13]
Blum, R.S.; Winters, J.H.; Sollenberger, N.R. On the capacity of cellular systems with MIMO. IEEE Commun. Lett. 2002, 6, 242–244.
[14]
Andrews, J.G.; Choi, W.; Heath, R.W., Jr. Overcoming interference in spatial multiplexing MIMO cellular networks. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 2007, 14, 95–104.
[15]
Fa, R.; Lamare, R.C. Multiple branch successive interference cancellation for MIMO spatial multiplexing system: Design, analysis and adaptive implementations. IET Commun. 2011, 5, 484–494.
[16]
Jiang, J.; Thompson, J.S.; Sun, H. A singular-value-based adaptive modulation and cooperation scheme for virtual-MIMO systems. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2011, 60, 2495–2504.
[17]
Yasir, M.; Mughal, M.J.; Gohar, N.D.; Moiz, S.A. Performance Comparison of Wavelet Based OFDM (WOFDM) V-BLAST MIMO Systems with Different Detection Algorithms. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies, Rawalpindi, Pakestan, 18–19 October 2008; pp. 110–115.
[18]
Lee, H.; Jeon, H.; Jung, H.; Lee, H. A Novel Detection Algorithm Using the Sorted QR Decomposition Based on Log-Likelihood Ration in V-BLAST Systems. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking, and Mobile Computing, Wuhan, China, 22–24 September 2006; pp. 1–4.
[19]
Jayaweera, S.K. V-BLAST-based virtual MIMO for distributed wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Commun. 2007, 55, 1867–1871.
[20]
Rafique, Z.; Seet, B.C. Energy Efficient Wavelet Based OFDM for V-BLAST MIMO Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Online Conference on Green Communication, New York, NY, USA, 26–29 September 2011; pp. 13–17.
[21]
Tsakalaki, E.P.; Alradadi, O.N.; Kalis, A.; Papadias, C.B.; Prasad, R. Non cooperative space-time communication for energy efficiency in sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 2012, 6, 48–54.
[22]
Psaltopulos, G.K.; Wittneben, A. Nonlinear MIMO: Affordable MIMO technology for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 2010, 9, 824–832.
[23]
Rafique, Z.; Seet, B.C.; Al-Anbuky, A. Performance analysis of cooperative virtual MIMO systems for wireless sensor networks. Sensors 2013, 13, 7033–7052.
[24]
Cui, S.; Goldsmith, A.J.; Bahai, A. Energy-efficiency of MIMO and cooperative MIMO techniques in sensor networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 2004, 22, 1089–1098.
[25]
Li, X.; Chen, M.; Lui, W. Application of STBC-encoded cooperative transmissions in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 2005, 12, 134–137.
[26]
Jayaweera, S.K. Virtual MIMO-based cooperative communication for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 2006, 5, 984–989.
[27]
Leang, D.; Kalis, A. Smart Sensor DVB: Sensor Network Development Boards with Smart Antennas. Proceedings of the International Conference of Communications, Circuits and Systems, Chengdu, China, 27–29 June 2004; pp. 1476–1480.
[28]
Kounoudes, A.; Kalis, A.; Onoufriou, T.; Constantinides, A.G. Smart Wireless Sensor Technology for Continuous Health Monitoring of Structures. Proceedings of the Fifth International IABMAS Conference, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 11–15 July 2010.
[29]
Heath, R.W., Jr.; Paulraj, A.J. Switching between Multiplexing and Diversity Based on Constellation Distance. Proceedings of the Allerton Conference on Communication, Control and Computing, Urbana, IL, USA, 4–6 October 2000; pp. 212–221.
[30]
Heath, R.W., Jr.; Paulraj, A.J. Switching between diversity and multiplexing in MIMO systems. IEEE Trans. Commun. 2005, 53, 962–968.
[31]
Catreux, S.; Erceg, V.; Gesbert, D.; Heath, R.W., Jr. Adaptive modulation and MIMO coding for broadband wireless data networks. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2002, 40, 108–115.
[32]
Heath, R.W., Jr.; Love, D.J. Multi-mode antenna selection for spatial multiplexing with linear receivers. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 2005, 53, 3042–3056.
[33]
Herdin, M.; Bonek, E. A MIMO Correlation Matrix Based Metric for Characterizing Non-Stationarity. Proceedings of the 13th IST Mobile and Wireless Communication Summit, Lyon, France, 27–30 June 2004.
[34]
Forenza, A.; McKay, M.R.; Pandharipande, A.; Heath, R.W., Jr.; Collings, I.B. Capacity Enhancement via Multi-Mode Adaptation in Spatially Correlated MIMO Channels. Proceedings of IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC 2005), Berlin, Germany, 11–14 September 2005; pp. 754–758.
[35]
Forenza, A.; McKay, M.R.; Collings, I.B.; Heath, R.W., Jr. Switching between OSTBC and Spatial Multiplexing with Linear Receivers in Spatially Correlated MIMO Channels. Proceedings of IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 7–10 May 2006; pp. 1387–1391.
[36]
Paulraj, A.; Nabar, R.; Gore, D. Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2003.
[37]
Kiessling, M.; Speidel, J.; Reinhardt, M. Ergodic Capacity of MIMO Channels with Statistical Channel State Information at the Transmitter. Proceeding of ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas, 18–19 March 2004; pp. 79–86.
[38]
Forenza, A.; McKay, M. R.; Pandharipande, A.; Heath, R.W., Jr.; Collings, I.B. Adaptive MIMO transmission for exploiting the capacity of spatially correlated channels. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2007, 56, 619–630.
[39]
Molisch, A.F.; Win, M.Z. MIMO systems with antenna selection. IEEE Microw. Mag. 2004, 5, 46–56.
[40]
Ma, X.; Yang, L.; Giannakis, G.B. Optimal training for MIMO frequency-selective fading channels. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 2005, 4, 453–466.
[41]
Wong, T.F.; Park, B. Training sequence optimization in MIMO systems with colored interference. IEEE Trans. Commun. 2004, 52, 1939–1947.
