The vacuole is by far the largest intracellular Ca 2+ store in most plant cells. Here, the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of vacuolar Ca 2+ release and Ca 2+ uptake is summarized, and how different vacuolar Ca 2+ channels and Ca 2+ pumps may contribute to Ca 2+ signaling in plant cells is discussed. To provide a phylogenetic perspective, the distribution of potential vacuolar Ca 2+ transporters is compared for different clades of photosynthetic eukaryotes. There are several candidates for vacuolar Ca 2+ channels that could elicit cytosolic [Ca 2+] transients. Typical second messengers, such as InsP 3 and cADPR, seem to trigger vacuolar Ca 2+ release, but the molecular mechanism of this Ca 2+ release still awaits elucidation. Some vacuolar Ca 2+ channels have been identified on a molecular level, the voltage-dependent SV/TPC1 channel, and recently two cyclic-nucleotide-gated cation channels. However, their function in Ca 2+ signaling still has to be demonstrated. Ca 2+ pumps in addition to establishing long-term Ca 2+ homeostasis can shape cytosolic [Ca 2+] transients by limiting their amplitude and duration, and may thus affect Ca 2+ signaling.
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