全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
Nutrients  2013 

Protection of Dietary Polyphenols against Oral Cancer

DOI: 10.3390/nu5062173

Keywords: dietary polyphenols, tea polyphenols, (?)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, oral cancer, cancer prevention, cancer therapy, cell death, cell growth, cell migration and invasion

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Oral cancer represents a health burden worldwide with approximate 275,000 new cases diagnosed annually. Its poor prognosis is due to local tumor invasion and frequent lymph node metastasis. Better understanding and development of novel treatments and chemo-preventive approaches for the preventive and therapeutic intervention of this type of cancer are necessary. Recent development of dietary polyphenols as cancer preventives and therapeutic agents is of great interest due to their antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic activities. Polyphenols may inhibit carcinogenesis in the stage of initiation, promotion, or progression. In particular, dietary polyphenols decrease incidence of carcinomas and exert protection against oral cancer by induction of cell death and inhibition of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. In this review, we discuss current progress of dietary polyphenols against oral cancers in vitro, in vivo, and at population levels.

References

[1]  Siegel, R.; Naishadham, D.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2012, 62, 10–29, doi:10.3322/caac.20138.
[2]  Petersen, P.E. Strengthening the prevention of oral cancer: The who perspective. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2005, 33, 397–399, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2005.00251.x.
[3]  Warnakulasuriya, S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009, 45, 309–316, doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002.
[4]  Scalbert, A.; Williamson, G. Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols. J. Nutr. 2000, 130, 2073S–2085S.
[5]  Yang, C.S.; Maliakal, P.; Meng, X. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2002, 42, 25–54, doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.42.082101.154309.
[6]  Arts, I.C.; Hollman, P.C. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 317S–325S.
[7]  Lambert, L.D.; Hong, J.; Yang, G.Y.; Liao, J.; Yang, C.S. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by polyphenols: Evidence from laboratory inverstigation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 284–291.
[8]  Khan, N.; Adhami, V.M.; Mukhtar, H. Apoptosis by dietary agents for prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2010, 17, R39–R52, doi:10.1677/ERC-09-0262.
[9]  D’Archivio, M.; Filesi, C.; di Benedetto, R.; Gargiulo, R.; Giovannini, C.; Masella, R. Polyphenols, dietary sources and bioavailability. Ann. Ist. Super Sanita 2007, 43, 348–361.
[10]  Chun, O.K.; Chung, S.J.; Song, W.O. Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of us adults. J. Nutr. 2007, 137, 1244–1252.
[11]  Erdman, J.W.; Balentine, D.; Arab, L.; Beecher, G.; Dwyer, J.T.; Folts, J.; Harnly, J.; Hollman, P.; Keen, C.L.; Mazza, G. Flavonoids and heart health: Proceedings of the ilsi north america flavonoids workshop, May 31–June 1, 2005, Washington, DC. J. Nutr. 2007, 137, 718S–737S.
[12]  Cimino, S.; Sortino, G.; Favilla, V.; Castelli, T.; Madonia, M.; Sansalone, S.; Russo, G.I.; Morgia, G. Polyphenols: Key issues involved in chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2012, 2012, doi:10.1155/2012/632959.
[13]  Kawaii, S.; Tomono, Y.; Katase, E.; Ogawa, K.; Yano, M. Quantitation of flavonoid constituents in citrus fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 3565–3571, doi:10.1021/jf990153+.
[14]  Tsao, R.; Yang, R.; Young, J.C.; Zhu, H. Polyphenolic profiles in eight apple cultivars using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 6347–6353, doi:10.1021/jf0346298.
[15]  Andersen, O.M.; Jordheim, M. The Anthocyanins. In Flavonoids: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Applications; Andersen, O.M., Markham, K.R., Eds.; New York CRC, Taylor & Francis: New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 471–552.
[16]  Athar, M.; Back, J.H.; Tang, X.; Kim, K.H.; Kopelovich, L.; Bickers, D.R.; Kim, A.L. Resveratrol: A review of preclinical studies for human cancer prevention. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2007, 224, 274–283, doi:10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.025.
[17]  Tsao, R. Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols. Nutrients 2010, 2, 1231–1246, doi:10.3390/nu2121231.
[18]  Ovaskainen, M.L.; Torronen, R.; Koponen, J.M.; Sinkko, H.; Hellstrom, J.; Reinivuo, H.; Mattila, P. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in finnish adults. J. Nutr. 2008, 138, 562–566.
[19]  Brat, P.; George, S.; Bellamy, A.; Du Chaffaut, L.; Scalbert, A.; Mennen, L.; Arnault, N.; Amiot, M.J. Daily polyphenol intake in france from fruit and vegetables. J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 2368–2373.
[20]  Manach, C.; Mazur, A.; Scalbert, A. Polyphenols and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Curr. Opin. Lipid. 2005, 16, 77–84, doi:10.1097/00041433-200502000-00013.
[21]  Karakaya, S. Biovailability of phenolic compounds. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2004, 44, 453–464, doi:10.1080/10408690490886683.
[22]  Landete, J.M. Updated knowledge about polyphenols: Functions, bioavailability, metabolism, and health. Food Sci. Nutr. 2012, 52, 936–948.
[23]  Rowland, I.; Faughnan, M.; Hoey, L.; Wahala, K.; Williamson, G.; Cassidy, A. Bioavailability of phyto-oestrogens. Br. J. Nutr. 2003, 89, 838–852, doi:10.1079/BJN2002796.
[24]  Williamson, G.; Manach, C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 243S–255S.
[25]  Yang, C.S.; Wang, Z.Y. Tea and cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1993, 85, 1038–1049, doi:10.1093/jnci/85.13.1038.
[26]  Ko, S.-Y.; Chang, K.-W.; Lin, S.-C.; Hsu, H.-C.; Liu, T.-Y. The repressive effect of green tea ingredients on amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression in oral carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett. 2007, 245, 81–89, doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.12.029.
[27]  Khafif, A.; Schantz, S.P.; Chou, T.C.; Edelstein, D.; Sacks, P.G. Quantitation of chemopreventive synergism between (?)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and curcumin in normal, premalignant and malignant human oral epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 1998, 19, 419–424, doi:10.1093/carcin/19.3.419.
[28]  Weisburg, J.H.; Weissman, D.B.; Sedaghat, T.; Babich, H. In vitro cytotoxicity of epigallocatechin gallate and tea extracts to cancerous and normal cells from the human oral cavity. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2004, 95, 191–200.
[29]  Babich, H.; Zuckerbraun, H.L.; Weinerman, S.M. In vitro cytotoxicity of (?)-catechin gallate, a minor polyphenol in green tea. Toxicol. Lett. 2007, 171, 171–180.
[30]  Chang, Y.C.; Chen, P.N.; Chu, S.C.; Lin, C.Y.; Kuo, W.H.; Hsieh, Y.S. Black tea polyphenols reverse epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and suppress cancer invasion and proteases in human oral cancer cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 8395–8403.
[31]  Seeram, N.P.; Adams, L.S.; Hardy, M.L.; Heber, D. Total cranberry extract versus its phytochemical constituents: Antiproliferative and synergistic effects against human tumor cell lines. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 2512–2517, doi:10.1021/jf0352778.
[32]  Wen, X.; Walle, T. Preferential induction of cyp1b1 by benzo[α]pyrene in human oral epithelial cells: Impact on DNA adduct formation and prevention by polyphenols. Carcinogenesis 2005, 26, 1774–1781, doi:10.1093/carcin/bgi127.
[33]  Babich, H.; Krupka, M.E.; Nissim, H.A.; Zuckerbraun, H.L. Differential in vitro cytotoxicity of (?)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) to cancer and normal cells from the human oral cavity. Toxicol. In Vitro 2005, 19, 231–242, doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2004.09.001.
[34]  Chang, C.M.; Chang, P.Y.; Tu, M.G.; Lu, C.C.; Kuo, S.C.; Amagaya, S.; Lee, C.Y.; Jao, H.Y.; Chen, M.Y.; Yang, J.S. Epigallocatechin gallate sensitizes cal-27 human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells to the anti-metastatic effects of gefitinib (Iressa) via synergistic suppression of epidermal growth factor receptor and matrix metalloproteinase-2. Oncol. Rep. 2012, 28, 1799–1807.
[35]  Chen, P.N.; Chu, S.C.; Kuo, W.H.; Chou, M.Y.; Lin, J.K.; Hsieh, Y.S. Epigallocatechin-3 gallate inhibits invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and tumor growth in oral cancer cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 3836–3844.
[36]  Amin, A.R.; Khuri, F.R.; Chen, Z.G.; Shin, D.M. Synergistic growth inhibition of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by erlotinib and epigallocatechin-3-gallate: The role of p53-dependent inhibition of nuclear factor-kappab. Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila.) 2009, 2, 538–545, doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0063.
[37]  Kato, K.; Long, N.K.; Makita, H.; Toida, M.; Yamashita, T.; Hatakeyama, D.; Hara, A.; Mori, H.; Shibata, T. Effects of green tea polyphenol on methylation status of reck gene and cancer cell invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 99, 647–654, doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604521.
[38]  Ho, Y.C.; Yang, S.F.; Peng, C.Y.; Chou, M.Y.; Chang, Y.C. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the invasion of human oral cancer cells and decreases the productions of matrix metalloproteinases and urokinase-plasminogen activator. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 2007, 36, 588–593, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00588.x.
[39]  Yamamoto, T.; Digumarthi, H.; Aranbayeva, Z.; Wataha, J.; Lewis, J.; Messer, R.; Qin, H.; Dickinson, D.; Osaki, T.; Schuster, G.S.; Hsu, S. EGCG-targeted p57/KIP2 reduces tumorigenicity of oral carcinoma cells: Role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2007, 224, 318–325, doi:10.1016/j.taap.2006.11.013.
[40]  Hsu, S.; Farrey, K.; Wataha, J.; Lewis, J.; Borke, J.; Singh, B.; Qin, H.; Lapp, C.; Lapp, D.; Nguyen, T.; Schuster, G. Role of p21WAF1 in green tea polyphenol-induced growth arrest and apoptosis of oral carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res. 2005, 25, 63–67.
[41]  Yamamoto, T.; Staples, J.; Wataha, J.; Lewis, J.; Lockwood, P.; Schoenlein, P.; Rao, S.; Osaki, T.; Dickinson, D.; Kamatani, T.; Schuster, G.; Hsu, S. Protective effects of egcg on salivary gland cells treated with gamma-radiation or cis-platinum(II)diammine dichloride. Anticancer Res. 2004, 24, 3065–3073.
[42]  Elattar, T.M.; Virji, A.S. Effect of tea polyphenols on growth of oral squamous carcinoma cells in vitro. Anticancer Res. 2000, 20, 3459–3465.
[43]  ElAttar, T.M.; Virji, A.S. Modulating effect of resveratrol and quercetin on oral cancer cell growth and proliferation. Anticancer Drugs 1999, 10, 187–193, doi:10.1097/00001813-199902000-00007.
[44]  Liu, X.; Zhang, D.Y.; Zhang, W.; Zhao, X.; Yuan, C.; Ye, F. The effect of green tea extract and egcg on the signaling network in squamous cell carcinoma. Nutr. Cancer 2011, 63, 466–475, doi:10.1080/01635581.2011.532901.
[45]  Mohan, K.V.; Gunasekaran, P.; Varalakshmi, E.; Hara, Y.; Nagini, S. In vitro evaluation of the anticancer effect of lactoferrin and tea polyphenol combination on oral carcinoma cells. Cell Biol. Int. 2007, 31, 599–608, doi:10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.11.034.
[46]  Hsu, S.; Lewis, J.; Singh, B.; Schoenlein, P.; Osaki, T.; Athar, M.; Porter, A.G.; Schuster, G. Green tea polyphenol targets the mitochondria in tumor cells inducing caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. Anticancer Res. 2003, 23, 1533–1539.
[47]  Hsu, S.D.; Singh, B.B.; Lewis, J.B.; Borke, J.L.; Dickinson, D.P.; Drake, L.; Caughman, G.B.; Schuster, G.S. Chemoprevention of oral cancer by green tea. Gen. Dent. 2002, 50, 140–146.
[48]  Hsu, S.; Lewis, J.B.; Borke, J.L.; Singh, B.; Dickinson, D.P.; Caughman, G.B.; Athar, M.; Drake, L.; Aiken, A.C.; Huynh, C.T.; Das, B.R.; Osaki, T.; Schuster, G.S. Chemopreventive effects of green tea polyphenols correlate with reversible induction of p57 expression. Anticancer Res. 2001, 21, 3743–3748.
[49]  Walle, T.; Walle, U.K. Novel methoxylated flavone inhibitors of cytochrome P450 1B1 in SCC-9 human oral cancer cells. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2007, 59, 857–862, doi:10.1211/jpp.59.6.0012.
[50]  Gonzalez de Mejia, E.; Song, Y.S.; Ramirez-Mares, M.V.; Kobayashi, H. Effect of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tea on topoisomerase inhibition and oral carcinoma cell proliferation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 1966–1973, doi:10.1021/jf048158g.
[51]  Fukai, T.; Sakagami, H.; Toguchi, M.; Takayama, F.; Iwakura, I.; Atsumi, T.; Ueha, T.; Nakashima, H.; Nomura, T. Cytotoxic activity of low molecular weight polyphenols against human oral tumor cell lines. Anticancer Res. 2000, 20, 2525–2536.
[52]  Ito, H.; Kobayashi, E.; Takamatsu, Y.; Li, S.H.; Hatano, T.; Sakagami, H.; Kusama, K.; Satoh, K.; Sugita, D.; Shimura, S.; Itoh, Y.; Yoshida, T. Polyphenols from eriobotrya japonica and their cytotoxicity against human oral tumor cell lines. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 2000, 48, 687–693, doi:10.1248/cpb.48.687.
[53]  Haghiac, M.; Walle, T. Quercetin induces necrosis and apoptosis in SCC-9 oral cancer cells. Nutr. Cancer 2005, 53, 220–231, doi:10.1207/s15327914nc5302_11.
[54]  Walle, T.; Walle, U.K.; Sedmera, D.; Klausner, M. Benzo[a]pyrene-induced oral carcinogenesis and chemoprevention: Studies in bioengineered human tissue. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2006, 34, 346–350.
[55]  Matsuta, T.; Sakagami, H.; Kitajima, M.; Oizumi, H.; Oizumi, T. Anti-UV activity of alkaline extract of the leaves of Sasa senanensis rehder. In Vivo 2011, 25, 751–755.
[56]  Schuck, A.G.; Ausubel, M.B.; Zuckerbraun, H.L.; Babich, H. Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate, a component of black tea: An inducer of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Toxicol. In Vitro 2008, 22, 598–609, doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2007.11.021.
[57]  Babich, H.; Gottesman, R.T.; Liebling, E.J.; Schuck, A.G. Theaflavin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3′-gallate, polyphenols in black tea with prooxidant properties. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2008, 103, 66–74, doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00232.x.
[58]  Yao, H.; Wang, H.M.; Wu, Q.L.; Fan, J. Effects of tea polyphenols on cell proliferation and hTERT of human tca8113 cell lines. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2005, 40, 451–454.
[59]  Yao, H.; Li, J.H.; Wu, Q.L; Fan, J.; Zhi, C. Effects of tea polyphenols on telomerase activity of a tongue cancer cell line: A preliminary study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2006, 35, 352–355, doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2005.07.020.
[60]  Wei, D.; Mei, Y.; Liu, J. Quantification of doxorubicin and validation of reversal effect of tea polyphenols on multidrug resistance in human carcinoma cells. Biotechnol. Lett. 2003, 25, 291–294.
[61]  Masuda, M.; Suzui, M.; Lim, J.T.E.; Deguchi, A.; Soh, J.-W.; Weinstein, I.B. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate decreases vegf production in head and neck and breast carcinoma cells by inhibiting EGFR-related pathways of signal transduction. J. Exp. Ther. Oncol. 2002, 2, 350–359, doi:10.1046/j.1359-4117.2002.01062.x.
[62]  Masuda, M.; Suzui, M.; Weinstein, I.B. Effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on growth, epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways, gene expression, and chemosensitivity in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001, 7, 4220–4229.
[63]  Wiseman, S.; Mulder, T.; Rietveld, A. Tea flavonoids: Bioavailability in vivo and effects on cell signaling pathways in vitro. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2001, 3, 1009–1021, doi:10.1089/152308601317203549.
[64]  Li, N.; Han, C.; Chen, J. Tea preparations protect against dmba-induced oral carcinogenesis in hamsters. Nutr. Cancer 1999, 35, 73–79, doi:10.1207/S1532791473-79.
[65]  Chandra Mohan, K.V.; Hara, Y.; Abraham, S.K.; Nagini, S. Comparative evaluation of the chemopreventive efficacy of green and black tea polyphenols in the hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis model. Clin. Biochem. 2005, 38, 879–886, doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.06.011.
[66]  Mohan, K.V.; Letchoumy, P.V.; Hara, Y.; Nagini, S. Combination chemoprevention of hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by bovine milk lactoferrin and black tea polyphenols. Cancer Investig. 2008, 26, 193–201, doi:10.1080/07357900701511961.
[67]  Chandra Mohan, K.V.; Subapriya, R.; Hara, Y.; Nagini, S. Enhancement of erythrocyte antioxidants by green and black tea polyphenols during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. J. Med. Food 2006, 9, 373–377, doi:10.1089/jmf.2006.9.373.
[68]  Letchoumy, P.V.; Chandra Mohan, K.V.; Kumaraguruparan, R.; Hara, Y.; Nagini, S. Black tea polyphenols protect against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Oncol. Res. 2006, 16, 167–178.
[69]  Chandra Mohan, K.V.; Devaraj, H.; Prathiba, D.; Hara, Y.; Nagini, S. Antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing effect of lactoferrin and black tea polyphenol combination on hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2006, 1760, 1536–1544, doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.06.009.
[70]  Letchoumy, P.V.; Mohan, K.V.; Prathiba, D.; Hara, Y.; Nagini, S. Comparative evaluation of antiproliferative, antiangiogenic and apoptosis inducing potential of black tea polyphenols in the hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis model. J. Carcinog. 2007, 6, 19–31, doi:10.1186/1477-3163-6-19.
[71]  Srinivasan, P.; Suchalatha, S.; Babu, P.V.; Devi, R.S.; Narayan, S.; Sabitha, K.E.; Shyamala Devi, C.S. Chemopreventive and therapeutic modulation of green tea polyphenols on drug metabolizing enzymes in 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide induced oral cancer. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2008, 172, 224–234, doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2008.01.010.
[72]  Srinivasan, P.; Sabitha, K.E.; Shyamaladevi, C.S. Therapeutic efficacy of green tea polyphenols on cellular thiols in 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced oral carcinogenesis. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2004, 149, 81–87, doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2004.06.006.
[73]  Srinivasan, P.; Sabitha, K.E.; Shyamaladevi, C.S. Modulatory efficacy of green tea polyphenols on glycoconjugates and immunological markers in 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced oral carcinogenesis—A therapeutic approach. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2006, 162, 149–156, doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2006.05.021.
[74]  Wolter, K.G.; Wang, S.J.; Henson, B.S.; Wang, S.; Griffith, K.A.; Kumar, B.; Chen, J.; Carey, T.E.; Bradford, C.R.; D’Silva, N.J. (?)-gossypol inhibits growth and promotes apoptosis of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vivo. Neoplasia 2006, 8, 163–172, doi:10.1593/neo.05691.
[75]  Vidjaya Letchoumy, P.; Chandra Mohan, K.V.; Stegeman, J.J.; Gelboin, H.V.; Hara, Y.; Nagini, S. Pretreatment with black tea polyphenols modulates xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in an experimental oral carcinogenesis model. Oncol. Res. 2008, 17, 75–85.
[76]  Li, N.; Sun, Z.; Han, C.; Chen, J. The chemopreventive effects of tea on human oral precancerous mucosa lesions. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1999, 220, 218–224.
[77]  Schwartz, J.L.; Baker, V.; Larios, E.; Chung, F.L. Molecular and cellular effects of green tea on oral cells of smokers: A pilot study. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2005, 49, 43–51, doi:10.1002/mnfr.200400031.
[78]  Tsao, A.S.; Liu, D.; Martin, J.; Tang, X.M.; Lee, J.J.; El-Naggar, A.K.; Wistuba, I.; Culotta, K.S.; Mao, L.; Gillenwater, A.; Sagesaka, Y.M.; Hong, W.K.; Papadimitrakopoulou, V. Phase II randomized, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extract in patients with high-risk oral premalignant lesions. Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila.) 2009, 2, 931–941, doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0121.
[79]  Han, C. Studies on tea and health. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2011, 40, 802–805.
[80]  Halder, A.; Raychowdhury, R.; Ghosh, A.; De, M. Black tea (Camellia sinensis) as a chemopreventive agent in oral precancerous lesions. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 2005, 24, 141–144, doi:10.1615/JEnvPathToxOncol.v24.i2.70.
[81]  Rossi, M.; Garavello, W.; Talamini, R.; Negri, E.; Bosetti, C.; Dal Maso, L.; Lagiou, P.; Tavani, A.; Polesel, J.; Barzan, L.; Ramazzotti, V.; Franceschi, S.; La Vecchia, C. Flavonoids and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer: A case-control study from italy. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2007, 16, 1621–1625, doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0168.
[82]  Ide, R.; Fujino, Y.; Hoshiyama, Y.; Mizoue, T.; Kubo, T.; Pham, T.M.; Shirane, K.; Tokui, N.; Sakata, K.; Tamakoshi, A.; Yoshimura, T. A prospective study of green tea consumption and oral cancer incidence in japan. Ann. Epidemiol. 2007, 17, 821–826, doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.04.003.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133