This review reports details on the natural products isolated from Taiwan soft corals during the period 2008–2012 focusing on their in vitro and/or in vivo anti-inflammatory activities. Chemical structures, names, and literature references are also reported. This review provides useful and specific information on potent anti-inflammatory marine metabolites for future development of immune-modulatory therapeutics.
References
[1]
Marris, E. Marine natural products: Drugs from the deep. Nature 2006, 443, 904–905, doi:10.1038/443904a.
Molinski, T.F.; Dalisay, D.S.; Lievens, S.L.; Saludes, J.P. Drug development from marine natural products. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2009, 8, 69–85, doi:10.1038/nrd2487.
[4]
Hu, G.P.; Yuan, J.; Sun, L.; She, Z.G.; Wu, J.H.; Lan, X.J.; Zhu, X.; Lin, Y.C.; Chen, S.P. Statistical research on marine natural products based on data obtained between 1985 and 2008. Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 514–525, doi:10.3390/md9040514.
Mayer, A.M.; Rodriguez, A.D.; Berlinck, R.G.; Fusetani, N. Marine pharmacology in 2007–8: Marine compounds with antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities affecting the immune and nervous system, and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2011, 153, 191–222, doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.08.008.
[9]
Kaplanski, G.; Marin, V.; Montero-Julian, F.; Mantovani, A.; Farnarier, C. IL-6: A regulator of the transition from neutrophil to monocyte recruitment during inflammation. Trends Immunol. 2003, 24, 25–29, doi:10.1016/S1471-4906(02)00013-3.
[10]
Wright, H.L.; Moots, R.J.; Bucknall, R.C.; Edwards, S.W. Neutrophil function in inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Rheumatology 2010, 49, 1618–1631, doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keq045.
[11]
Vinten-Johansen, J. Involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of lethal myocardial reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc. Res. 2004, 61, 481–497, doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2003.10.011.
[12]
Hwang, T.L.; Su, Y.C.; Chang, H.L.; Leu, Y.L.; Chung, P.J.; Kuo, L.M.; Chang, Y.J. Suppression of superoxide anion and elastase release by C18 unsaturated fatty acids in human neutrophils. Lipid Res. 2009, 50, 1395–1408, doi:10.1194/jlr.M800574-JLR200.
[13]
Pham, C.T. Neutrophil serine proteases: Specific regulators of inflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2006, 6, 541–550, doi:10.1038/nri1841.
[14]
Chang, C.H.; Wen, Z.H.; Wang, S.K.; Duh, C.Y. Capnellenes from the Formosan soft coral Capnella imbricata. J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 619–621, doi:10.1021/np0706116.
[15]
Cheng, S.Y.; Lin, E.H.; Huang, J.S.; Wen, Z.H.; Duh, C.Y. Ylangene-type and nardosinane-type sesquiterpenoids from the soft corals Lemnalia flava and Paralemnalia thyrsoides. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2010, 58, 381–385, doi:10.1248/cpb.58.381.
[16]
Lu, Y.; Li, P.J.; Hung, W.Y.; Su, J.H.; Wen, Z.H.; Hsu, C.H.; Dai, C.F.; Chiang, M.Y.; Sheu, J.H. Nardosinane sesquiterpenoids from the Formosan soft coral Lemnalia flava. J. Nat. Prod. 2011, 74, 169–174, doi:10.1021/np100541a.
[17]
Tseng, Y.J.; Shen, K.P.; Lin, H.L.; Huang, C.Y.; Dai, C.F.; Sheu, J.H. Lochmolins A–G, new sesquiterpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia lochmodes. Mar. Drugs 2012, 10, 1572–1581, doi:10.3390/md10071572.
Kao, S.Y.; Su, J.H.; Hwang, T.L.; Sheu, J.H.; Wen, Z.H.; Wu, Y.C.; Sung, P.J. Menelloides C and D, new sesquiterpenoids from the Gorgonian coral Menella sp. Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 1534–1542, doi:10.3390/md9091534.
[20]
Lee, C.H.; Kao, C.Y.; Kao, S.Y.; Chang, C.H.; Su, J.H.; Hwang, T.L.; Kuo, Y.H.; Wen, Z.H.; Sung, P.J. Terpenoids from the octocorals Menella sp. (Plexauridae) and Lobophytum crassum (Alcyonacea). Mar. Drugs 2012, 10, 427–438, doi:10.3390/md10020427.
[21]
Cheng, S.Y.; Huang, Y.C.; Wen, Z.H.; Chiou, S.H.; Wang, S.K.; Hsu, C.H.; Dai, C.F.; Duh, C.Y. Novel sesquiterpenes and norergosterol from the soft corals Nephthea erecta and Nephthea chabroli. Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 802–806, doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.12.002.
[22]
Su, J.H.; Huang, C.Y.; Li, P.J.; Lu, Y.; Wen, Z.H.; Kao, Y.H.; Sheu, J.H. Bioactive cadinane-type compounds from the soft coral Sinularia scabra. Arch. Pharmacal. Res. 2012, 35, 779–784, doi:10.1007/s12272-012-0503-2.
[23]
Su, J.H.; Chiang, M.Y.; Wen, Z.H.; Dai, C.F.; Hsu, C.H.; Sheu, J.H. Sesquiterpenoids from the formosan soft coral Sinularia leptoclados. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2010, 58, 250–253, doi:10.1248/cpb.58.250.
[24]
Kao, S.Y.; Chang, Y.C.; Su, J.H.; Lu, M.C.; Chen, Y.H.; Sheu, J.H.; Wen, Z.H.; Wang, W.H.; Kuo, Y.H.; Hwang, T.L.; et al. (–)-Hydroxylindestrenolide, a new sesquiterpenoid from a gorgonian coral Menella sp. (Plexauridae). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2011, 59, 1048–1050, doi:10.1248/cpb.59.1048.
[25]
Jean, Y.H.; Chen, W.F.; Duh, C.Y.; Huang, S.Y.; Hsu, C.H.; Lin, C.S.; Sung, C.S.; Chen, I.M.; Wen, Z.H. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 participate in anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the natural marine compound lemnalol from Formosan soft coral Lemnalia cervicorni. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 578, 323–331, doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.08.048.
[26]
Jean, Y.H.; Chen, W.F.; Sung, C.S.; Duh, C.Y.; Huang, S.Y.; Lin, C.S.; Tai, M.H.; Tzeng, S.F.; Wen, Z.H. Capnellene, a natural marine compound derived from soft coral, attenuates chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 158, 713–725, doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00323.x.
[27]
Ahmed, A.F.; Wen, Z.H.; Su, J.H.; Hsieh, Y.T.; Wu, Y.C.; Hu, W.P.; Sheu, J.H. Oxygenated cembranoids from a Formosan soft coral Sinularia gibberosa. J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 179–185, doi:10.1021/np070356p.
[28]
Ahmed, A.F.; Tai, S.H.; Wen, Z.H.; Su, J.H.; Wu, Y.C.; Hu, W.P.; Sheu, J.H. A C-3 methylated isocembranoid and 10-oxocembranoids from a Formosan soft coral, Sinularia grandilobata. J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 946–951, doi:10.1021/np7007335.
Lin, W.Y.; Su, J.H.; Lu, Y.; Wen, Z.H.; Dai, C.F.; Kuo, Y.H.; Sheu, J.H. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory cembranoids from the Dongsha Atoll soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2010, 18, 1936–1941, doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.036.
[35]
Chen, B.W.; Chao, C.H.; Su, J.H.; Huang, C.Y.; Dai, C.F.; Wen, Z.H.; Sheu, J.H. A novel symmetric sulfur-containing biscembranoid from the Formosan soft coral Sinularia flexibilis. Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 5764–5766, doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.08.027.
[36]
Su, J.H.; Wen, Z.H. Bioactive cembrane-based diterpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia triangular. Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 944–951, doi:10.3390/md9060944.
[37]
Lin, W.Y.; Lu, Y.; Su, J.H.; Wen, Z.H.; Dai, C.F.; Kuo, Y.H.; Sheu, J.H. Bioactive cembranoids from the dongsha atoll soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule. Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 994–1006, doi:10.3390/md9060994.
[38]
Lu, Y.; Lin, Y.C.; Wen, Z.H.; Su, J.H.; Sung, P.J.; Hsu, C.H.; Kuo, Y.H.; Chiang, M.Y.; Dai, C.F.; Sheu, J.H. Steroid and cembranoids from the Dongsha atoll soft coral Lobophytum sarcophytoides. Tetrahedron 2010, 66, 7129–7135, doi:10.1016/j.tet.2010.06.094.
[39]
Lu, Y.; Su, H.J.; Chen, Y.H.; Wen, Z.H.; Sheu, J.H.; Su, J.H. Anti-Inflammatory cembranoids from the Formosan soft coral Sinularia discrepans. Arch. Pharmacal. Res. 2011, 34, 1263–1267, doi:10.1007/s12272-011-0804-x.
Chen, Y.H.; Tai, C.Y.; Kuo, Y.H.; Kao, C.Y.; Li, J.J.; Hwang, T.L.; Fang, L.S.; Wang, W.H.; Sheu, J.H.; Sung, P.J. Cladieunicellins A–E, new eunicellins from an Indonesian soft coral Cladiella sp. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2011, 59, 353–358, doi:10.1248/cpb.59.353.
[54]
Chen, Y.H.; Hwang, T.L.; Su, Y.D.; Chang, Y.C.; Chen, Y.H.; Hong, P.H.; Hu, L.C.; Yen, W.H.; Hsu, H.Y.; Huang, S.J.; Kuo, Y.H.; Sung, P.J. New 6-hydroxyeunicellins from a soft coral Cladiella sp. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2012, 60, 160–163, doi:10.1248/cpb.60.160.
[55]
Chen, Y.H.; Tai, C.Y.; Su, Y.D.; Chang, Y.C.; Lu, M.C.; Weng, C.F.; Su, J.H.; Hwang, T.L.; Wu, Y.C.; Sung, P.J. Discovery of new eunicellins from an Indonesian octocoral Cladiella sp. Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 934–943, doi:10.3390/md9060934.
[56]
Chen, Y.H.; Tai, C.Y.; Hwang, T.L.; Weng, C.F.; Li, J.J.; Fang, L.S.; Wang, W.H.; Wu, Y.C.; Sung, P.J. Cladielloides A and B: New eunicellin-type diterpenoids from an Indonesian octocoral Cladiella sp. Mar. Drugs 2010, 8, 2936–2945, doi:10.3390/md8122936.
[57]
Wei, W.C.; Lin, S.Y.; Chen, Y.J.; Wen, C.C.; Huang, C.Y.; Palanisamy, A.; Yang, N.S.; Sheu, J.H. Topical application of marine briarane-type diterpenes effectively inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and dermatitis in murine skin. J. Biomed. Sci. 2011, 18, doi:10.1186/1423-0127-18-94.
Su, J.H.; Chen, B.Y.; Hwang, T.L.; Chen, Y.H.; Huang, I.C.; Lin, M.R.; Chen, J.J.; Fang, L.S.; Wang, W.H.; Li, J.J.; et al. Excavatoids L–N, new 12-hydroxybriaranes from the cultured octocoral Briareum excavatum (Briareidae). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2010, 58, 662–665, doi:10.1248/cpb.58.662.
[60]
Hong, P.H.; Su, Y.D.; Su, J.H.; Chen, Y.H.; Hwang, T.L.; Weng, C.F.; Lee, C.H.; Wen, Z.H.; Sheu, J.H.; Lin, N.C.; et al. Briarenolides F and G, new briarane diterpenoids from a Briareum sp. octocoral. Mar. Drugs 2012, 10, 1156–1168, doi:10.3390/md10051156.
Lin, Y.C.; Abd El-Razek, M.H.; Hwang, T.L.; Chiang, M.Y.; Kuo, Y.H.; Dai, C.F.; Shen, Y.C. Asterolaurins A–F, xenicane diterpenoids from the Taiwanese soft coral Asterospicularia laurae. J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 1911–1916, doi:10.1021/np900231e.
[70]
Cheng, S.Y.; Chuang, C.T.; Wang, S.K.; Wen, Z.H.; Chiou, S.F.; Hsu, C.H.; Dai, C.F.; Duh, C.Y. Antiviral and anti-inflammatory diterpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia gyrosa. J. Nat. Prod. 2010, 73, 1184–1187, doi:10.1021/np100185a.
[71]
Chung, H.M.; Hu, L.C.; Yen, W.H.; Su, J.H.; Lu, M.C.; Hwang, T.L.; Wang, W.H.; Sung, P.J. Echinohalimane A, a bioactive halimane-type diterpenoid from a Formosan gorgonian Echinomuricea sp. (Plexauridae). Mar. Drugs 2012, 10, 2246–2253, doi:10.3390/md10102246.
[72]
Cheng, C.H.; Chung, H.M.; Hwang, T.L.; Lu, M.C.; Wen, Z.H.; Kuo, Y.H.; Wang, W.H.; Sung, P.J. Echinoclerodane A: A new bioactive clerodane-type diterpenoid from a gorgonian coral Echinomuricea sp. Molecules 2012, 17, 9443–9450, doi:10.3390/molecules17089443.
[73]
Chung, H.M.; Hong, P.H.; Su, J.H.; Hwang, T.L.; Lu, M.C.; Fang, L.S.; Wu, Y.C.; Li, J.J.; Chen, J.J.; Wang, W.H.; et al. Bioactive compounds from a gorgonian coral Echinomuricea sp. (Plexauridae). Mar. Drugs 2012, 10, 1169–1179, doi:10.3390/md10051169.
[74]
Chang, C.H.; Wen, Z.H.; Wang, S.K.; Duh, C.Y. New anti-inflammatory steroids from the Formosan soft coral Clavularia viridis. Steroids 2008, 73, 562–567, doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2008.01.007.
[75]
Chao, C.H.; Wen, Z.H.; Chen, I.M.; Su, J.H.; Huang, H.C.; Chiang, M.Y.; Sheu, J.H. Anti-inflammatory steroids from the octocoral Dendronephthya griffini. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 3554–3560, doi:10.1016/j.tet.2008.01.109.
[76]
Huang, Y.C.; Wen, Z.H.; Wang, S.K.; Hsu, C.H.; Duh, C.Y. New anti-inflammatory 4-methylated steroids from the Formosan soft coral Nephthea chabroli. Steroids 2008, 73, 1181–1186, doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2008.05.007.
[77]
Chao, C.H.; Wen, Z.H.; Su, J.H.; Chen, I.M.; Huang, H.C.; Dai, C.F.; Sheu, J.H. Further study on anti-inflammatory oxygenated steroids from the octocoral Dendronephthya griffini. Steroids 2008, 73, 1353–1358, doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2008.06.008.
Chao, C.H.; Chou, K.J.; Huang, C.Y.; Wen, Z.H.; Hsu, C.H.; Wu, Y.C.; Dai, C.F.; Sheu, J.H. Steroids from the soft coral Sinularia crassa. Mar. Drugs 2012, 10, 439–450, doi:10.3390/md10020439.
[84]
Huang, C.Y.; Su, J.H.; Duh, C.Y.; Chen, B.W.; Wen, Z.H.; Kuo, Y.H.; Sheu, J.H. A new 9,11-secosterol from the soft coral Sinularia granosa. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2012, 22, 4373–4376, doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.002.
[85]
Liu, C.Y.; Hwang, T.L.; Lin, M.R.; Chen, Y.H.; Chang, Y.C.; Fang, L.S.; Wang, W.H.; Wu, Y.C.; Sung, P.J. Carijoside A, a bioactive sterol glycoside from an octocoral Carijoa sp. (Clavulariidae). Mar. Drugs 2010, 8, 2014–2020, doi:10.3390/md8072014.
[86]
Cheng, S.Y.; Wen, Z.H.; Chiou, S.F.; Tsai, C.W.; Wang, S.K.; Hsu, C.H.; Dai, C.F.; Chiang, M.Y.; Wang, W.H.; Duh, C.Y. Ceramide and cerebrosides from the octocoral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi. J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 465–468, doi:10.1021/np800362g.
[87]
Cheng, S.Y.; Huang, K.J.; Wang, S.K.; Wen, Z.H.; Chen, P.W.; Duh, C.Y. Antiviral and anti-inflammatory metabolites from the soft coral Sinularia capillosa. J. Nat. Prod. 2010, 73, 771–775, doi:10.1021/np9008078.
[88]
Wen, Z.H.; Chao, C.H.; Wu, M.H.; Sheu, J.H. A neuroprotective sulfone of marine origin and the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of an analogue. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 5998–6004, doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.09.067.
[89]
Kitamura, Y.; Kosaka, T.; Kakimura, J.I.; Matsuoka, Y.; Kohno, Y.; Nomura, Y.; Taniguchi, T. Protective effects of the antiparkinsonian drugs talipexole and pramipexole against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptotic death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 1998, 54, 1046–1054.
[90]
Blum, D.; Torch, S.; Lambeng, N.; Nissou, M.; Benabid, A.L.; Sadoul, R.; Verna, J.M. Molecular pathways involved in the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, dopamine and MPTP: Contribution to the apoptotic theory in Parkinson’s disease. Prog. Neurobiol. 2001, 65, 137–172.
[91]
Sung, P.J.; Chen, B.Y.; Lin, M.R.; Hwang, T.L.; Wang, W.H.; Sheu, J.H.; Wu, Y.C. Excavatoids E and F: Discovery of two new briaranes from the cultured octocoral Briareum excavatum. Mar. Drugs 2009, 7, 472–482, doi:10.3390/md7030472.