Laboratory and Simulated Field Bioassays to Evaluate Larvicidal Activity of Pinus densiflora Hydrodistillate, Its Constituents and Structurally Related Compounds against Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens in Relation to Their Inhibitory Effects on Acetylcholinesterase Activity
The toxicity of Pinus densiflora (red pine) hydrodistillate, its 19 constituents and 28 structurally related compounds against early third-instar larvae of Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus), Aedes aegypti ( Ae. aegypti) and Culex pipiens palles ( Cx. p. pallens) was examined using direct-contact bioassays. The efficacy of active compounds was further evaluated in semi-field bioassays using field-collected larval Cx. p. pallens. Results were compared with those of two synthetic larvicides, temephos and fenthion. In laboratory bioassays, Pinus densiflora hydrodistillate was found to have 24 h LC 50 values of 20.33, 21.01 and 22.36 mg/L against larval Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti and Cx. p. pallens respectively. Among the identified compounds, thymol, δ-3-carene and (+)-limonene exhibited the highest toxicity against all three mosquito species. These active compounds were found to be nearly equally effective in field trials as well. In vitro bioassays were conducted to examine the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of 10 selected compounds. Results showed that there is a noticeable correlation between larvicidal activity and AChE inhibitory activity. In light of global efforts to find alternatives for currently used insecticides against disease vector mosquitoes, Pinus densiflora hydrodistillate and its constituents merit further research as potential mosquito larvicides.
References
[1]
James, A. Mosquito molecular genetics: The hands that feed bite back. Science 1992, 257, 37–38.
[2]
World Health Organization (WHO). A 5-minute Briefing on the World Malaria Report 2005 from WHO and UNICEF; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
[3]
United Nations (UN). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision Data Tables; UN: New York, NY, USA, 2002.
[4]
Rozendaal, J.A. Mosquitoes and other Biting Diptera. In Vector Control; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1997.
[5]
Croft, B.A.; Brown, A.W.A. Responses of arthropod natural enemies to insecticides. Ann. Rev. Ent. 1975, 20, 285–335.
[6]
World Health Organization (WHO). Vector Resistance to Pesticides, Technical Report Series 818; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 1992.
[7]
Sukumar, K.; Perich, M.J.; Boobar, L.R. Botanical derivatives in mosquito control: Review. J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc. 1991, 7, 210–237.
[8]
Isman, M.B. Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2006, 51, 45–66, doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151146.
[9]
Ahn, Y.J.; Kim, S.I.; Kim, H.K.; Tak, J.H. Naturally occurring house dustmites control agents: Development and commercialization. Adv. Phytomed. 2006, 3, 269–289.
[10]
Kostyukovsky, M.; Rafaeli, A.; Gileadi, C.; Demchenko, N.; Shaaya, E. Activation of octopaminergic receptors by essential oil constituents isolated from aromatic plants: Possible mode of action against insect pests. Pest Manag. Sci. 2002, 58, 1101–1106.
[11]
Priestley, C.M.; Elizabeth, M.; Williamson, K.; Wafford, A.; David, B.S. Thymol, a constituent of thyme essential oil, is a positive allosteric modulator of human GABAreceptors and a Homo-oligomeric GABA Receptor from. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 140, 1363–1372, doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705542.
[12]
Lee, J.H.; Kim, J.R.; Koh, Y.R.; Ahn, Y.J. Contact and fumigant toxicity of pinus densiflora needle hydrodistillate constituents and related compounds and efficacy of spray formulations containing the oil to dermatophagoides farinae. Pest. Manag. Sci. 2012, 10, 3421.
[13]
Google Earth. Computer SoftwareVersion 7. N.p., n.d. Web. Available online: http://www.google.com/earth/index.html/ (accessed on 11 February 2013).
[14]
Kasai, S.; Komagata, O.; Tomita, T.; Sawabe, K.; Tsuda, Y.; Kurahashi, H.; Ishikawa, T.; Motoki, M.; Takahashi, T.; Tanikawa, T.; et al. PCR-based Idenification of Culex Pipiens Complex Collected in Japan. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 2008, 61, 184–191.
[15]
Kim, N.J.; Byun, S.G.; Cho, J.E.; Chung, K.; Ahn, Y.J. Larvicidal activity of kaempferia galanga rhizome phenylpropanoids towards three mosquito species. Pest Manag. Sci. 2008, 64, 857–862, doi:10.1002/ps.1557.
[16]
Robertson, J.L.; Haiganoush, K. Preisler. In Pesticide Bioassays with Arthropods; CRC: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1992.
[17]
Bradford, M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 1976, 72, 248–254, doi:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3.
[18]
Moores, G.D.; Devonshire, A.L.; Ian, D. A microtitre plate assay for characterizing insensitive acetylcholinesterase genotypes of insecticide-resistant insects. Bull. Entomol. Res. 1988, 78, 537, doi:10.1017/S0007485300013286.
[19]
Ellman, G.; Courtney, K.; Andresjr, V.; Featherstone, R. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1961, 7, 88–95.
[20]
SAS. Computer software SASVersion 9.2. N.p., n.d. Web. Available online: http://www.sas.com/?gclid=CL2vrJKcgbcCFSo6pgod1RcALQ/ (accessed on 11 February 2013).
[21]
Lawless, J. The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils; Thorsons: London, UK, 2002.
[22]
Jantan, I.B.; Mira, F.Y.; Nazni, W.A.; Jamia, A.J. Insecticidal activities of the leaf oils of eight cinnamomum species against aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. Pharm. Biol. 2005, 43, 526–532, doi:10.1080/13880200500220771.
[23]
Perumalsamy, H.; Chang, K.S.; Park, C.; Ahn, Y.J. Larvicidal activity of asarum heterotropoides root constituents against insecticide-susceptible and -resistant culex pipiens pallens and aedes aegypti and ochlerotatus togoi. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 10001–10006, doi:10.1021/jf102193k.
[24]
Eleni, M.; Antonios, M.; George, K.; Alexios-Leandros, S.; Prokopios, M. High quality begamot oil from greece: chemical analysis using chiral gas chromatography and larvicidal activity against the west nile virus vector. Molecules 2009, 14, 839–849.
[25]
Giatropoulos, A.; Papachristos, D.P.; Kimbaris, A.; Koliopoulos, G.; Polissiou, M.G.; Emmanouel, N.; Michaelakis, A. Evaluation of bioefficacy of three Citrus essential oils against the dengue vector Aedes. albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in correlation to their components enantiomeric distribution. Parasitol. Res. 2012, 111, 2253–2263, doi:10.1007/s00436-012-3074-8.
[26]
Grundy, D. Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterases by Pulegone-1,2-epoxide. Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 1985, 23, 383–388, doi:10.1016/0048-3575(85)90100-2.
[27]
Ryan, M.F.; Byrne, O. Plant-insect coevolution and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. J. Chem. Ecol. 1988, 14, 1965–1975, doi:10.1007/BF01013489.
