The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the management of HIV infection has resulted in a significant reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. The fact that a nearly perfect adherence is required in ART has remained a major challenge to people infected with HIV. This review underscores the impact of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and highlights recent advances in adherence monitoring and enhancement among people infected with HIV who are on lifelong antiretroviral therapy.
References
[1]
Sanjobo, N.; Frich, J.C.; Fretheim, A. Barriers and facilitators to patients’ adherence to antiretroviral treatment in Zambia: a qualitative study. J. Soc. Asp. H 2008, 5, 136–143.
[2]
Kenreigh, C.A.; Wagner, L.T. Medication adherence: A literature review. Medscape , 2005.
[3]
Cauldbeck, M.; O’Connor, C.; O’Connor, M.; Saunders, J.; Rao, B.; Mallesh, V.; Kotechalappa, N.; Kumar, P.; Mamtha, G.; McGoldrick, C.; Laing, R.; Satish, S. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV patients in Bangalore, India. AIDS Res. Ther. 2009, 6, 7, doi:10.1186/1742-6405-6-7.
[4]
Ickovics, J.R.; Meade, C.S. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among patients with HIV: A critical link between behavioural and biomedical sciences. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2002, 31, S98–S102, doi:10.1097/00126334-200212153-00002.
[5]
McDonald, H.P.; Garg, A.X.; Haynes, R.B. Interventions to enhance patient adherence to medication prescriptions. JAMA 2002, 288, 2868–2879, doi:10.1001/jama.288.22.2868.
[6]
Van Dulmen, S.; Sluijs, E.; van Dijk, L.; de Riddet, D.; Heerdink, R.; Bensing, J. Patient adherence to medical treatment: a review of reviews. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2007, 7, 55, doi:10.1186/1472-6963-7-55.
[7]
Mills, E.J.; Nachega, J.B.; Buchan, I.; Orbinski, J.; Attaran, A.; Singh, S.; Rachlis, B.; Wu, P.; Cooper, C.; Thabane, L.; et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa and North America: A meta-analysis. JAMA 2006, 296, 679–690, doi:10.1001/jama.296.6.679.
[8]
Chesney, M.A. Factors affecting adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000, 30, S171–S176, doi:10.1086/313849.
[9]
Protopopescu, C.; Raffi, F.; Roux, P.; Reynes, J.; Dellamonica, P.; Spire, B.; Leport, C.; Carrieri, M.; and on behalf of the ANRS CO8 (APROCO-COPILOTE) Study Group. Factors associated with non-adherence to long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy: a 10-year follow-up analysis with correction for the bias induced by missing data. J. Antimicrob. Chemoth. 2009, 64, 599–606, doi:10.1093/jac/dkp232.
[10]
Murphy, D.A.; Sarr, M.; Durako, S.J.; Moscicki, A.; Wilson, C.M.; Muenz, L.R.; for the Adolescent Medicine HIV/AIDS Research Network. Barriers to HAART adherence among HIV-infected adolescents. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2003, 157, 249–255, doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.3.249.
[11]
Nachega, J.; Hislop, M.; Nguyen, H.; Dowdy, D.; Regensberg, L.; Chaisson, R.; Cotton, M.; Maartens, G. Antiretroviral therapy adherence, Virologic and immunologic outcomes in adolescents compared with adults in Southern Africa. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2009, 51, 65–71, doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e318199072e.
[12]
Amico, K.R.; Harman, J.J.; Johnson, B.T. Efficacy of antiretroviral therapy adherence interventions a research synthesis of trials, 1996 to 2004. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2006, 41, 285–297, doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000197870.99196.ea.
[13]
Munro, S.; Lewin, S.; Swart, T.; Volmink, J. A review of health behaviour theories: how useful are these for developing interventions to promote long-term medication adherence for TB and HIV/AIDS. BMC Public Health 2007, 7, 104, doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-104.
[14]
Simoni, J.M.; Frick, P.A.; Pantalone, D.W.; Turner, B.J. Antiretroviral adherence interventions: A review of current literature and ongoing studies. Top. HIV Med. 2003, 11, 185–198.
[15]
Kagee, A. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in the context of the national roll-out in South Africa: Defining a research agenda for psychology. S Afr. J. Psychol. 2008, 38, 413–428.
[16]
Paterson, D.L.; Swindells, S.; Mohr, J.; Brester, M.; Vergis, E.N.; Squier, C.; Wagener, M.M.; Singh, N. Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 2000, 133, 21–30.
[17]
Bangsberg, D.R.; Moss, A.R.; Deeks, S.G. Paradoxes of adherence and drug resistance to HIV antiretroviral therapy. J. Antimicrob. Chemoth. 2004, 53, 696–699, doi:10.1093/jac/dkh162.
[18]
Clotet, B. Strategies for overcoming resistance in HIV-1 infected patients receiving HAART. AIDS Reviews 2004, 6, 123–130.
[19]
Gazzard, B.G; on behalf of the BHIVA Treatment Guidelines Writing Group. British HIV Association guidelines for the treatment of HIV-1-infected adults with antiretroviral therapy 2008. HIV Medicine 2008, 9, 563–608, doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00636.x.
[20]
Thompson, M.; Aberg, J.; Cahn, P.; Montaner, J.; Rizzardini, G.; Telenti, A.; Gatell, J.M.; Günthard, H.; Hammer, S.; Hirsch, M.; et al. Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2010 Recommendations of the International AIDS Society—USA Panel. JAMA 2010, 304, 321–333, doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1004.
[21]
Nachega, J.B.; Hislop, M.; Dowdy, D.W.; Chaisson, R.E.; Regensberg, L.; Maartens, G. Adherence to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HIV therapy and virologic outcomes. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007, 146, 564–573, doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-8-200704170-00007.
[22]
Bangsberg, D.R. Less than 95% adherence to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors therapy can lead to viral suppression. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006, 43, 939–941, doi:10.1086/507526.
[23]
Weiser, S.; Wolfe, W.; Bangsberg, D.; Thior, I.; Gilbert, P.; Makhema, J.; Kebaabetswe, P.; Dickenson, D.; Mompati, K.; Essex, M.; et al. Barriers to antiretroviral adherence for patients living with HIV infection and AIDS in Botswana. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2003, 34, 281–288, doi:10.1097/00126334-200311010-00004.
[24]
Amberbir, A.; Woldemichael, K.; Getachew, S.; Girma, B.; Deribe, K. Predictors of adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected persons: a prospective study in southwest Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2008, 8, 268, doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-268.
[25]
Uzochukwu, B.S.C.; Onwujekwe, O.E.; Onoka, A.C.; Okoli, C.; Uguru, N.P.; Chukwuogo, O.I. Determinants of non-adherence to subsidized antiretroviral treatment in southeast Nigeria. Health Policy Plan. 2009, 24, 189–196, doi:10.1093/heapol/czp006.
[26]
Peltzer, K.; du Preez, N.; Ramlagan, S.; Anderson, J. Antiretroviral treatment adherence among HIV patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BMC Public Health 2010, 10, 111, doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-111.
[27]
Malangu, N.G. Self-reported adverse effects as barriers to adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients in Pretoria. SA Fam. Pract. 2008, 50, 49.
[28]
Janssens, B.; Raleigh, B.; Soeung, S.; Akao, K.; Te, V.; Gupta, J.; Chhy Vun, M.; Ford, N.; Nouhin, J.; Nerrienet, E. Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive children: Evaluation at 12 Months in a routine program in Cambodia. Pediatrics 2007, 120, e1134–e1140, doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3503.
[29]
Duong, M.; Golzi, A.; Peytavin, G.; Piroth, L.; Froidure, M.; Grappin, M.; Buisson, M.; Kohli, E.; Chavanet, P.; Portier, H. Usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretroviral in routine clinical practice. HIV Clin. Trials 2004, 5, 216–223, doi:10.1310/NXJU-9ERQ-ADWW-UC5X.
Bangsberg, D.R.; Charlebois, E.D.; Grant, R.M.; Holodniy, M.; Deeks, S.G.; Perry, S.; Conroy, K.N.; Clark, R.; Guzman, D.; Zolopa, A.; et al. High levels of adherence do not prevent accumulation of drug resistance mutations. AIDS 2003, 17, 1925–1932, doi:10.1097/00002030-200309050-00011.
[32]
Nachega, J.B.; Hislop, M.; Dowdy, D.W.; Lo, M.; Omer, S.B.; Regensberg, L.; Chaisson, R.E.; Maartens, G. Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy assessed by pharmacy claims predicts survival in HIV-infected South African adults. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2006, 43, 78–84, doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000225015.43266.46.
[33]
Rubbert, A.; Behrens, G.; Ostrowski, M. Ch 4—Pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. In HIV Medicine; Hoffman, C., Rockstroh, J., Kamps, B., Eds.; Flying Publisher: Paris, France, 2007; pp. 59–81.
[34]
Graham, S.M.; Masese, L.; Gitau, R.; Jalalian-Lechak, Z.; Richardson, B.A.; Peshu, N.; Mandaliya, K.; Kiarie, J.N.; Jaoko, W.; Ndinya-Achola, J.; et al. Antiretroviral adherence and development of drug resistance are the strongest predictors of genital HIV-1 shedding among women initiating treatment. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 201, 1538–1542.
[35]
Moore, D.M.; Hogg, R.S.; Yip, B.; Wood, E.; Tyndall, M.; Braitstein, P.; Montaner, J.S. Discordant immunologic and virologic responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy are associated with increased mortality and poor adherence to therapy. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2005, 40, 288–293, doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000182847.38098.d1.
[36]
Wools-Kaloustian, K.; Kimayo, S.; Diero, L.; Siika, A.; Sidle, J.; Yiannoustsos, T.; Musick, B.; Einterz, R.; Fife, K.; Tierney, W. Viability and effectiveness of large-scale HIV treatment initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa: experience from western Kenya. AIDS 2006, 20, 41–48, doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000196177.65551.ea.
[37]
Boyd, M.; Pett, S. HIV fusion inhibitors: a review. Aust. Prescr. 2008, 31, 66–69.
[38]
Hogg, R.S.; Heath, K.; Bangsberg, D.; Yip, B.; Press, N.; O'Shaughnessy, M.V.; Montaner, J.S. Intermittent use of triple-combination therapy is predictive of mortality at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up. AIDS 2002, 16, 1051–1058, doi:10.1097/00002030-200205030-00012.
[39]
de Olalla, P.G.; Knobel, H.; Carmona, A.; Guelar, A.; Lopez-Colomes, J.L.; Cayla, J.A. Impact of adherence and highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival in HIV-infected patients. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2002, 30, 105–110.
[40]
Dahab, M.; Charalambous, S.; Hamilton, R.; Fielding, K.; Kielmann, K.; Churchyard, G.J.; Grant, A.D. “That is why I stopped the ART”: patients’ and providers’ perspectives on barrier to and enablers of HIV treatment adherence in a South African workplace programme. BMC Public Health 2008, 8, 63, doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-63.
[41]
Curioso, W.H.; Kepka, D.; Cabello, R.; Segura, P.; Kurth, A.E. Understanding the facilitators and barriers of antiretroviral adherence in Peru: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2010, 10, 13, doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-13.
[42]
San Lio, M.M.; Carbini, R.; Germano, P.; Guidotti, G.; Mancinelli, S.; Magid, N.A.; Narciso, P.; Palombi, L.; Renzi, E.; Zimba, I.; et al. Evaluation of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy with use of pills counts and viral load measurement in the drug resources enhancement against AIDS and malnutrition program in Mozambique. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008, 46, 1609–1616, doi:10.1086/587659.
[43]
Hardon, A.P.; Akurut, D.; Comoro, C.; Ekezie, C.; Irunde, H.F.; Gerrits, T.; Kglatwane, J.; Kinsman, J.; Kwasa, R.; Maridadi, J.; et al. Hunger, Waiting time and transport costs: Time to confront challenges to ART adherence in Africa. AIDS Care 2007, 19, 658–665, doi:10.1080/09540120701244943.
[44]
Oyugi, J.H.; Byakika-Tusiime, J.; Charlebois, E.D.; Kityo, C.; Mugerwa, R.; Mugyenyi, P.; Bangsberg, D.R. Multiple validated measures of adherence indicate high levels of adherence to generic HIV antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited setting. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2004, 36, 1100–1102, doi:10.1097/00126334-200408150-00014.
[45]
Fox, M.P.; Rosen, S. Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs up to three years on treatment in sub-Saharan Africa, 2007–2009: Systematic review. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2010, 15, 1–15.
[46]
Montessori, V.; Press, N.; Harris, M.; Akagi, L.; Montaner, J. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 2004, 170, 229–238.
[47]
Orrell, C.; Bangsberg, D.R.; Badri, M.; Wood, R. Adherence is not a barrier to successful antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. AIDS 2003, 17, 1369–1375, doi:10.1097/00002030-200306130-00011.
[48]
Rougemont, M.; Stoll, B.; Elia, N.; Ngang, P. Antiretroviral treatment adherence and its determinants in Sub-Saharan Africa: A prospective study at Yaoundé central hospital, Cameroon. AIDS Res. Ther. 2009, 6, 21, doi:10.1186/1742-6405-6-21.
[49]
Gordillo, V.; del Amo, J.; Soriano, V.; Gonzalez-Lahoz, J. Socio-demographic and psychological variables influencing adherence to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 1999, 13, 1763–1769, doi:10.1097/00002030-199909100-00021.
[50]
Berg, K.M.; Cooperman, N.A.; Newville, H.; Arnsten, J.H. Self-efficacy and depression as mediators of the relationship between pain and antiretroviral adherence. AIDS Care 2009, 21, 244–248, doi:10.1080/09540120802001697.
[51]
Howard, A.A.; Armsten, J.H.; Yuntai, L.; Vlahov, D.; Rich, J.D.; Schumand, P.; Stonee, V.E.; Smith, D.K.; Schoenbaum, E.E.; for HER study group. A prospective study of adherence and viral load in a large multi-centre cohort of HIV-infected women. AIDS 2002, 16, 2175–2182, doi:10.1097/00002030-200211080-00010.
[52]
Glass, T.R.; Battegay, M.; Cavassini, M.; De Geest, S.; Furrer, H.; Vernazza, P.L.; Hirschel, B.; Bernasconi, E.; Rickenbach, M.; Günthard, H.F.; Bucher, H.C.; The Swiss HIV cohort study. Longitudinal analysis of patterns and predictors of changes in self-reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy: Swiss HIV Cohort Study. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2010, 54, 197–203.
[53]
Hawkins, C.; Murphy, R. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: everything matters. AIDS 2007, 21, 1041–1042, doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3281900eb9.
[54]
Iliyasu, Z.; Kabir, M.; Abubakar, I.S.; Babashani, M.; Zubair, Z.A. Compliance to antiretroviral therapy among AIDS patients in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Niger J. Med. 2005, 14, 290–294.
[55]
Mukhtar-Yola, M.; Adeleke, S.; Gwarzo, D.; Ladan, Z. Preliminary investigation of adherence to antiretroviral therapy among children in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. AJAR 2006, 5, 141–144, doi:10.2989/16085900609490374.
[56]
Tuller, D.M.; Bangsberg, D.R.; Senkungu, J.; Ware, N.C.; Emenyonu, N.; Weiser, S.D. Transportation costs impede sustained adherence and access to HAART in a clinic population in Southwestern Uganda. AIDS Behav. 2009, 14, 778–784.
[57]
Castro, A. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: merging the clinical and social course of AIDS. PLoS Med. 2005, 2, e338, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020338.
[58]
Nachega, J.B.; Stein, D.M.; Lehman, D.A.; Hlatshwayo, D.; Mothopeng, R.; Chaisson, R.E.; Karstaedt, A.S. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 2004, 20, 1053–1056, doi:10.1089/aid.2004.20.1053.
[59]
Garcia, R.; Badaro, R.; Netto, E.; Silva, M.; Amorin, F.; Ramos, A.; Vaida, F.; Brites, C.; Schooley, R. Cross-sectional study to evaluate factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy by Brazilian HIV-infected patients. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 2006, 22, 1248–1252, doi:10.1089/aid.2006.22.1248.
[60]
Mukherjee, J.S.; Ivers, L.; Leandre, F.; Farmer, P.; Behforouz, H. Antiretroviral therapy in resource-poor settings: Decreasing barriers to access and promoting adherence. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2006, 43, S123–S126, doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000248348.25630.74.
[61]
Frank, I. Once-daily HAART: toward a new treatment paradigm. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2002, 31, S10–S15, doi:10.1097/00126334-200209011-00003.
[62]
Roca, B.; Lapuebula, C.; Vidal-Tregedor, B. HAART with didanosine once versus twice daily: adherence and efficacy. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 9, 195–200, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2004.07.006.
[63]
Waters, L.; Nelson, M. Why do patients fail HIV therapy? Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2007, 61, 983–990, doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01383.x.
[64]
Harries, A.D.; Zachariah, R.; Lawn, S.D.; Rosen, S. Strategies to improve patient retention on antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2010, 15, 70–75, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02506.x.
Gauchet, A.; Tarquinio, C.; Fischer, G. Psychosocial predictors of medication adherence among persons living with HIV. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2007, 3, 141–150, doi:10.1007/BF03000185.
[67]
Altice, F.L.; Mostashari, F.; Friedland, G.H. Trust and acceptance of and adherence to antiretroviral therapy. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2001, 28, 47–58.
[68]
Simoni, J.M.; Pearson, C.R.; Pantalone, D.W.; Marks, G.; Crepaz, N. Efficacy of interventions in improving highly active antiretroviral therapy adherence and HIV-1 RNA viral load: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2006, 43, S23–S35, doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000248342.05438.52.
[69]
Julius, R.J.; Novitsky, M.A.; Dubin, W.R. Medication adherence: a review of the literature and implications for clinical practice. J. Psychiatr. Pract. 2009, 15, 34–44, doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000344917.43780.77.
[70]
Colebunders, R.; Moses, K.R.; Laurence, J.; Shihab, H.M.; Semitala, F.; Lutwama, F.; Bakeera-Kitaka, S.; Lynen, L.; Spacek, L.; Reynolds, S.J.; et al. A new model to monitor the virological efficacy of antiretroviral treatment in resource poor countries. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2006, 6, 53–59, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70327-3.
[71]
Kouanfack, C.; Laurent, C.; Peytavin, G.; Ciaffi, L.; Ngolle, M.; Nkene, Y.M.; Essomba, C.; Calmy, A.; Mpoudi-Ngole, E.; Delaporte, E.; et al; the French national agency for research on AIDS 1274 study group. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy assessed by drug level monitoring and self-reports in Cameroon. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2008, 48, 216–219, doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181743955.
[72]
Ross-Degnan, D.; Pierre-Jacques, M.; Zhang, F.; Tadeg, H.; Gitau, L.; Ntaganira, J.; Balikuddembe, R.; Chalker, J.; Wagner, A.K.; INRUD IAA7. Measuring adherence to antiretroviral treatment in resource poor settings: the clinical validity of key indicators. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2010, 10, 42, doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-42.
[73]
Bell, D.J.; Kapitao, Y.; Sikwese, R.; van Oosterhout, J.J.; Lallo, D.G. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients receiving free treatment from a government hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2007, 45, 560–563, doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3180decadb.
[74]
Bova, C.A.; Fennie, K.P.; Knafi, G.J.; Dieckhaus, K.D.; Watrous, E.; Williams, A.B. Use of electronic monitoring devices to measure antiretroviral adherence: practical considerations. AIDS Behav. 2005, 9, 103–110, doi:10.1007/s10461-005-1685-0.
[75]
Wilson, D.; Keiluhu, A.K.; Kogrum, S.; Reid, T.; Seriratana, N.; Ford, N.; Kyawkyaw, M.; Talangsri, P.; Taochalee, N. HIV-1 viral load monitoring: an opportunity to reinforce treatment adherence in a resource-limited setting in Thailand. T Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. H 2009, 103, 601–606, doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.11.007.
[76]
Birbeck , G.L.; Chomba, E.; Kvalsund, M.; Bradbury, R.; Mang’ombe, M.; Malama, K.; Kail, T.; Byers, P.A.; Organek, N.; for the RAAZ Study Team. Antiretroviral adherence in rural Zambia: The first year of treatment availability. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 80, 669–674.
Haberer, J.E.; Cook, A.; Walker, A.S.; Ngambi, M.; Ferrier, A.; Mulenga, V.; Kityo, C.; Thomason, M.; Kabamba, D.; Chintu, C.; et al. Excellent adherence to antiretroviral in HIV+ Zambian children is compromised by disrupted routine, HIV nondisclosure, and paradoxical income effects. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e18505, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018505.
[79]
Nachega, J.B.; Knowlton, A.R.; Deluca, A.; Schoeman, J.H.; Watkinson, L.; Efron, A.; Chaisson, R.E.; Maartens, G. Treatment supporter to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected South African adults: a qualitative study. J. Acq. Immun. Def. 2006, 43, S127–S133, doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000248349.25630.3d.
[80]
Magadza, C.; Radloff, S.E.; Srinivas, S.C. The effect of an educational intervention on patients’ knowledge about hypertension, beliefs about medicines, and adherence. Res. Social Adm. Pharm. 2009, 5, 363–375, doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2009.01.004.
[81]
Barclay, T.R.; Hinkin, C.H.; Castellon, S.A.; Mason, K.I.; Reinhard, M.J.; Marion, S.D.; Levine, A.J.; Durvasula, R.S. Age-associated predictors of medication adherence in HIV-positive adults: health beliefs, self-efficacy and neurocognitive status. Health Psychol. 2007, 26, 40–49, doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.1.40.
[82]
Johnson, M.O.; Charlebois, E.; Morin, S.F.; Remien, R.H.; Chesney, M.A.; The NIMH Healthy Living Project Team. Effects of a behavioural intervention on antiretroviral medication adherence among people living with HIV: The Healthy Living Project randomized controlled study. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2007, 46, 574–580, doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e318158a474.
[83]
Mannheimer, S.B.; Morse, E.; Matts, J.P.; Andrews, L.; Child, C.; Schmetter, B.; Friedland, G.H.; (For the Terry Beirn community programs for clinical research on AIDS). Sustained benefit from a long-term antiretroviral adherence intervention: Results of a large randomized clinical trial. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2006, 43, S41–S47, doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000245887.58886.ac.
[84]
Saberi, P.; Johnson, M.O. Technology-based self-care methods of improving antiretroviral adherence: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e27533, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027533.
[85]
B？rnighausen, T.; Chaiyachati, K.; Chimbindi, N.; Peoples, A.; Haberer, J.; Newell, M.L. Interventions to increase antiretroviral adherence in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of evaluation studies. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2011, 11, 942–951, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70181-5.
[86]
Van Velthoven, M.H.; Brusamento, S.; Majeed, A.; Car, J. Scope and effectiveness of mobile phone messaging for HIV/AIDS care: a systematic review. Psychol. Health Med. 2013, 18, 182–202, doi:10.1080/13548506.2012.701310.
[87]
Rodrigues, R.; Shet, A.; Antony, J.; Sidney, K.; Arumugam, K.; Krishnamurthy, S.; D’Souza, G.; DeCosta, A. Supporting Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy with Mobile Phone Reminders: Results from a Cohort in South India. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e40723, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040723.
[88]
Skinner, D.; Rivette, U.; Bloomberg, D. Evaluation of use of cellphones to aid compliance with drug therapy for HIV patients. AIDS Care 2007, 19, 605–607, doi:10.1080/09540120701203378.
[89]
Clarke, M.; Dick, J.; Zwarenstein, M.; Lombard, C.J.; Diwan, V.K. Lay health worker intervention with choice of DOT superior to standard TB care for farm dwellers in South Africa: a cluster randomized control trial. Int. J. Tuber. Lung Dis. 2005, 9, 673–679.
[90]
Manders, A.J.; Banerjee, A.; van den Borne, H.W.; Harries, A.D.; Kok, G.J.; Salaniponi, F.M. Can guardians supervise TB treatment as well as health workers? A study on adherence during the intensive phase. Int. J. Tuber. Lung Dis. 2001, 9, 838–842.
[91]
Wilkinson, D.; Davies, G.R.; Connolly, C. Directly observed therapy for tuberculosis in rural South Africa, 1991 through 1994. Am. J. Public Health 1996, 86, 1094–1097, doi:10.2105/AJPH.86.8_Pt_1.1094.
[92]
Farmer, P.; Leandre, F.; Mukherjee, J.; Gupta, R.; Tarter, L.; Kim, J.Y. Community-based treatment of advance HIV disease: Introducing DOT-HAART (directly observed therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy). Bull. World Health Organ. 2001, 79, 1145–1151.
[93]
Lucas, G.M.; Flexner, C.W.; Moore, R.D. Directly administered antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV infection: benefit or burden? AIDS Patient Care STDS 2002, 16, 527–535, doi:10.1089/108729102761041083.
[94]
Sarna, A.; Lutchers, S.; Giebel, S.; Chersich, M.F.; Munyao, P.; Kaai, S.; Mandaliya, K.N.; Shikely, K.S.; Temmerman, M.; Rutenberg, N. Short and long term efficacy of modified directly observed antiretroviral treatment Mombasa, Kenya: a randomized trial. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 2008, 48, 611–619, doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181806bf1.
[95]
Serrano, C.; Laporte, R.; Ide, M.; Nouhou, Y.; Truchis, P.; Rouveix, E.; Adamou, A.; Pauly, V.; Mattei, J.F.; Gastaut, J.A. Family nutritional support improves survival, immune restoration and adherence in HIV patients receiving ART in developing country. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 19, 68–75.
[96]
Sanne, I.; Orrell, C.; Fox, M.P.; Conradie, F.; Ive, P.; Zeinecker, J.; Cornell, M.; Heiberg, C.; Ingram, C.; Panchia, R.; et al; for CIPRA-SA Study Team. Nurse versus doctor management of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (CIPRA-SA): a randomized non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2010, 376, 33–40, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60894-X.
[97]
Andersen, M.; Hockman, E.; Smereck, G.; Tinsley, J.; Milfort, D.; Wilcox, R.; Smith, T.; Connelly, C.; Adams, L.; Thomas, R. Retaining women in HIV medical care. J. Assoc. Nurse AIDS C 2007, 18, 33–41, doi:10.1016/j.jana.2007.03.007.
[98]
Volberding, P.A.; Deeks, S.G. Antiretroviral therapy and management of HIV infection. Lancet 2010, 376, 49–62, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60676-9.
