(FT) Raman spectroscopy is used for the first time to identify pigments used in 19 th & 20 th century Japanese and Vietnamese Lacquerwares. IR spectroscopy is used to assess the Lacquer matrix. Different operative conditions and parameters were experimented with on a limited number of lacquerwares in order to determine the optimal procedure for the identification of pigments/dyes as potential chronological or technological markers. The test was then performed in the collector’s rooms with a mobile Raman set-up. Different pigments (vermilion, Prussian Blue, Naples Yellow, Phtalocyanine Blue, anatase, rutile, chalk, carbon black) were identified despite a strong fluorescence and a rapid degradation of both pigments and binder under increasing laser power. Better spectra were obtained on older lacquerwares.
References
[1]
Bell, I.M.; Clark, R.J.H.; Gibbs, P.J. Raman spectroscopic library of natural and synthetic pigments (pre–similar to 1850 AD). Spectrochim. Acta Part A 1997, 53, 2159–2179, doi:10.1016/S1386-1425(97)00140-6.
[2]
Burgio, L.; Clark, R.J.H. Library of FT–Raman spectra of pigments, minerals, pigment media and varnishes, and supplement to existing library of Raman spectra of pigments with visible excitation. Spectrochim. Acta Part A 2001, 57, 1491–1521, doi:10.1016/S1386-1425(00)00495-9.
[3]
Clark, R.J.H. Raman Microscopy—Application to the identification of pigments on medieval manuscript. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 187–196, doi:10.1039/cs9952400187.
[4]
Colomban, P. Chemistry and the Heritage—From the Arts Chimiques to the Chemistry of Arts—The Destructive/Non–destructive Analysis Techniques of Enamelled Pottery and Glass Artefacts and Associated Pigments Chemistry for the XXI Century; Livage, J., Rochetm, F., Eds.; Springer Verlag: Berlin. in press.
[5]
Saverwyns, S. Russian avant–garde … or not? A micro–Raman spectroscopy of six paintings attributed to Liubov Popovastudy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2010, 41, 1525–1532, doi:10.1002/jrs.2654.
[6]
Caggiani, M.C.; Colomban, P. Testing of Raman spectroscopy as a non–invasive tool for the investigation of glass–protected pastels. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2011, 42, 790–798, doi:10.1002/jrs.2740.
[7]
Vandenabeele, P.; Moens, L.; Edwards, H.G.M.; Dams, R. Raman Spectroscopic Database of azo–pigments and application to modern art studies. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2000, 31, 509–517, doi:10.1002/1097-4555(200006)31:6<509::AID-JRS566>3.0.CO;2-0.
[8]
Casadio, F.; Leona, M.; Lombardi, J.R.; van Dyune, R. Identification of organic colorants in fibers, paints and glazes by Surface enhanced spectroscopy. Acc. Chem. Res. 2010, 43, 782–791, doi:10.1021/ar100019q.
[9]
Wustholz, K.L.; Brosseau, C.L.; Casadio, F.; van Duyne, R. Surface–enhanced Raman spectroscopy of dyes: From single molecules to the artists’ canvas. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 7350–7359.
[10]
Schulte, F.; Brzezinka, K.W.; Lutzenberger, K.; Stege, H.; Panne, U. Raman spectroscopy of synthetic organic pigments used in 20th century works of art. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2008, 39, 1455–1463.
[11]
Winter, J. East Asian Paintings Materials, Structures and Deterioration Mechanismes; Archetype: London, UK, 2008.
[12]
Mancini, D.; Tournié, A.; Caggiani, M.C.; Colomban, P. Testing of Raman spectroscopy as a non–invasive tool for the investigation of glass–protected miniature portraits. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2012, 43, 294–302, doi:10.1002/jrs.3010.
[13]
Colomban, P.; Sagon, G.; Faurel, X. Differentiation of antique ceramics from the Raman spectra of their colored glazes and paintings. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2001, 32, 351–360, doi:10.1002/jrs.704.
[14]
Ricciardi, P.; Colomban, P.; Tournié, A.; Milande, V. Non–destructive on–site identification of ancient glasses: Genuine artefacts, embellished pieces or forgeries? J. Raman Spectrosc. 2009, 40, 604–617, doi:10.1002/jrs.2165.
[15]
Sakellariou, K.; Miliani, C.; Morresi, A.; Ombelli, M. Spectroscopic investigation of yellow majolica glazes. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2004, 35, 61–67, doi:10.1002/jrs.1084.
[16]
Colomban, P. On–site Raman identification and dating of ancient glasses: Procedures and tools. J. Cult. Herit. 2008, 9, e55–e60, doi:10.1016/j.culher.2008.06.005.
[17]
Colomban, P.; Tournié, A.; Maucuer, M.; Meynard, P. On–site Raman and XRF analysis of Japanese/Chinese Bronze/Brass Patina—The search of specific Raman signatures. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2012, 43, 799–808, doi:10.1002/jrs.3095.
[18]
Colomban, P.; Tournié, A.; Bellot–Gurlet, L. Raman Identification of glassy silicates used in ceramic, glass and jewellry: A tentative differentiation guide. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2006, 37, 841–852, doi:10.1002/jrs.1515.
[19]
Colomban, P. The on–site/remote Raman analysis with portable instruments—A review of drawbacks and success in Cultural Heritage studies and other associated fields. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2012, 43, 1529–1535, doi:10.1002/jrs.4042.
[20]
Colomban, P. Analyses Non–destructives des Objets d'art par Méthodes Portablesin Techniques de l'Ingénieur, RE 217. Paris; 2012. Available online: http://www.techniques-ingenieur.fr/base-documentaire/innovations-th10/innovations-en-analyses-et-mesures-42112210/analyse-non-destructive-des-objets-d-art-par-methodes-spectroscopiques-portables-re217 (accessed on 8th July 2013).
[21]
Honda, T.; Lu, R.; Sakai, R.; Ishimura, T.; Miyakoshi, T. Characterization and comparison of Asian lacquer saps. Progr. Organ. Coatings 2008, 61, 68–75, doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2007.09.003.
[22]
Niimura, N. Determination of the type of lacquer on East Asian lacquer ware. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2009, 284, 93–97, doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2009.03.004.
[23]
Frade, J.C.; Ribeiro , M.I.; Gra？a, J.; Rodrigues, J. Applying pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to the identification of oriental lacquers: Study of two lacquered shields. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2009, 395, 2167–2174, doi:10.1007/s00216-009-3043-y.
[24]
Niimura, N.; Miyakoshi, T. Structural studies of oriental lacquer films during the hardning process. Talanta 2006, 70, 146–152, doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.12.039.
[25]
Li, T.; Xie, Y.-F.; Yang, Y.-M.; Wang, C.-S.; Fang, X.-Y.; Shi, J.-L.; He, Q.-J. Pigment identification and decoration analysis of a 5th century Chinese lacquer painting lacquer screen: A micro Raman and FTIR study. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2009, 40, 1911–1918, doi:10.1002/jrs.2340.
[26]
Jin, P.-J.; Yao, Z.-Q.; Zhang, M.-L.; Li, Y.-H.; Xing, H.-P. A pigment (CuS) identified by micro-Raman spectroscopy on a Chinese funerary lacquer ware of West Han Dynasty. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2010, 41, 222–225.
[27]
Wei, S.; Pintus, V.; Pitthard, V.; Schreiner, M.; Song, G. Analytical characterization of lacquer objects excavated from a Chu tomb in China. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2011, 38, 2667–2674.
[28]
Pitthard, V.; Wei, S.; Miklin-Kniefacz, S.; Stanek, S.; Griesser, M.; Schreiner, M. Scientific investigation of antique lacquers from a 17th century Japanese ornamental cabinet. Archaeometry 2010, 52, 1044–1056.
[29]
Hatada, K.; Kitayama, T.; Nishiura, T.; Nishimoto, A.; Simonsick, W.J.; Vogl, O. Structural analysis of the component of Chinese lacquer Kuro–Urushi. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1994, 5, 1865–1870.
[30]
Honda, T.; Lu, R.; Kitano, N.; Kamiya, Y.; Miyakoshi, T. Applied analysis and identification of ancient lacquer based on pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 2010, 2, 897.
[31]
André–Pallois, N. L’Indochine: Un lieu d'échange culturel? Monographies n° 184; de L'Ecole Fran？aise d'Extrême Orient, Paris, 1997.
[32]
Hubert, J.-F. L'？me du Viêt Nam; Cercle d'Art: Paris, France, 1996.
[33]
Daydé, E.; André–Pallois, N.; de Ménonville, C.; Quynh, D.P.; Trung, N.; Jorland, P. Paris–Hanoi–Saigon, L'Aventure de l'Art Moderne au Viêt Nam; PARIS musées, 1998.
[34]
Can, T.V. Lacquer Paintings of Viet Nam; Foreign Languages Publishing House: Hanoi, Vietnam, 1977.
[35]
Raman Spectroscopic library. . Available online: www.chem.ucl.ac.uk/ resources/raman/index.html (accessed on day June 2012).
