In 2001, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult stem cells from liposuctioned adipose tissue. These stem cells, now known as adipose-derived stem cells or ADSCs, have gone on to become one of the most popular adult stem cells populations in the fields of stem cell research and regenerative medicine. As of today, thousands of research and clinical articles have been published using ASCs, describing their possible pluripotency in vitro, their uses in regenerative animal models, and their application to the clinic. This paper outlines the progress made in the ASC field since their initial description in 2001, describing their mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal potentials both in vitro and in vivo, their use in mediating inflammation and vascularization during tissue regeneration, and their potential for reprogramming into induced pluripotent cells. 1. The ASC In 2001, Zuk and colleagues at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA identified and described a putative population of multipotent stem cells that they termed Processed Lipoaspirate Cells or PLA cells [1]. These cells, initially characterized in the journal Tissue Engineering, were named as such due to their derivation from processed lipoaspirate tissue obtained through cosmetic surgery. Zuk et al. based their isolation method for these PLA cells on existing enzymatic strategies for the isolation of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from adipose tissue. The SVF has been defined as a minimally processed population of red blood cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and preadipocytes that have yet to adhere to a tissue culture substrate [2, 3]. Culturing of this SVF over time thought to eliminate many of these cell populations, resulting in an adherent population primarily composed of preadipocytes. However, Zuk et al. suggested, through histology and preliminary PCR analysis, that the adherent population derived from the SVF contains a significant number of cells that display characteristics of a multipotent stem cell. Specifically, Zuk et al. proposed that the culturing of the SVF results in a relatively homogenous population of PLA cells, free of contaminating cell populations, and capable of displaying phenotypic characteristics of adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes [1]. Moreover, this article also showed that clonal cell populations derived from single PLA-derived could also be differentiated into the cell types—an important prerequisite along the path to identifying a stem
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