Background. The coexistence of psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID) is common. This study determined the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children with ID in Barwani, India. Method. A total of 262 children with ID were evaluated for psychiatric disorders using the diagnostic criteria outlined in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Results. Psychiatric disorders appeared in study participants at the following rates: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 6.5%; autism, 4.2%; anxiety, 2.7%; bipolar disorder, 1.1%; delusional disorder, 0.8%; depression, 2.3%; obsessive-compulsive disorder, 0.8%; schizophrenia, 1.9%; enuresis, 10.3%; epilepsy, 23.7%; and behavioral problems, 80.9%. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was statistically higher in severely intellectually disabled children ( ) than mildly intellectually disabled children ( ). Conclusions. There is a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children with ID when their compared with ID children whose . 1. Introduction Intellectual disability (ID), previously referred to as mental retardation, is most often associated with other medical and psychiatric conditions such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and other emotional and behavioral disorders. The coexistence of psychiatric disorders occurring in people with ID is not uncommon. The study of intellectual disability falls within the field of psychiatry, in which dual diagnoses have historically been common. However, specifically investigating the coexistence of psychiatry disorders among people with ID has only recently begun [1–3]. Compared with the general population, people with ID have a higher prevalence of psychiatry disorders [4, 5], ranging from 10% to 80% [6, 7]. Other epidemiological studies have reported similar prevalence rates [8–13]. For the past few decades, the psychiatric community in developed countries, like England and Australia, has done more to identify the psychiatric needs of people with ID, which has allowed doctors to provide these patients with appropriate mental health services [7, 14–16]. In India dual diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in people with ID has gradually become more common since implementation of the Persons with Disabilities Act in 1995. However, making further efforts to identify people in India with ID who also suffer from psychiatric disorders is necessary to plan for and provide comprehensive intervention for their well-being [17]. Identifying
References
[1]
J. L. Matson and J. A. Sevin, “Theories of dual diagnosis in mental retardation,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 6–16, 1994.
[2]
L. S. Szymanski and M. Wilska, “Mental retardation,” in Psychiatry, A. Tasman, J. Kay, and J. A. Liberman, Eds., pp. 624–625, WB Saunders, Phiadelphia, Pa, USA, 1997.
[3]
P. Sturmey, “Mental retardation and concurrent psychiatric disorder: assessment and treatment,” Current Opinion in Psychiatry, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 489–495, 2002.
[4]
J. A. Corbett, “Psychiatric morbidity and mental retardation,” in Psychiatric Illness and Mental Handicap, F. James and R. Snaith, Eds., pp. 11–25, Gaskell Press, London, UK, 1979.
[5]
S. Scott, “Mental retardation,” in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Modern Approaches, R. Rutter, E. Taylor, and L. Hersov, Eds., pp. 616–640, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 1994.
[6]
S. A. Borthwick-Duffy, “Epidemiology and prevalence of psychopathology in people with mental retardation,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 17–27, 1994.
[7]
E. M. Dykens, “Annotation: psychopathology in children with intellectual disability,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 407–417, 2000.
[8]
I. Philips and N. Williams, “Psychopathology and mental retardation: a study of 100 mentally retarded children. I. Psychopathology,” The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 132, no. 12, pp. 1265–1271, 1975.
[9]
N. Kar, R. Khanna, and I. Das, “Dual diagnoses of children with mental retardation,” Indian Journal of Mental Health and Disabilities, vol. 1, pp. 3–7, 1996.
[10]
C. R. J. Khess, I. Dutta, I. Chakrabarthy, P. Bhattacharya, J. Das, and S. Kothari, “Comorbidity in children with mental retardation,” Indian Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 40, pp. 289–294, 1998.
[11]
P. Str？mme and T. H. Diseth, “Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in children with mental retardation: data from a population-based study,” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 266–270, 2000.
[12]
S. Deb, M. Thomas, and C. Bright, “Mental disorder in adults with intellectual disability. 2: the rate of behaviour disorders among a community-based population aged between 16 and 64 years,” Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 506–514, 2001.
[13]
G. Molteno, C. D. Molteno, G. Finchilescu, and A. R. L. Dawes, “Behavioural and emotional problems in children with intellectual disability attending special schools in Cape Town, South Africa,” Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 515–520, 2001.
[14]
M. Lindsey, “Emotional, behavioural and psychiatric disorders in children,” in Seminars in the Psychiatry of Learning Disabilities, O. Russell, Ed., pp. 81–104, Gaskell Press, London, UK, 1997.
[15]
E. Simonoff, “Children with psychiatric disorders and learning disabilities,” The British Medical Journal, vol. 330, no. 7494, pp. 742–743, 2005.
[16]
B. J. Tonge, “Psychopathology of children with developmental disabilities,” in Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders in Developmental Disabilities and Mental Retardation, N. Bouras, Ed., pp. 157–174, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999.
[17]
M. T. Kishore, A. Nizamie, S. H. Nizamie, and M. Jahan, “Psychiatric diagnosis in persons with intellectual disability in India,” Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 19–24, 2004.
[18]
S. Reiss, G. W. Levitan, and J. Szyszko, “Emotional disturbance and mental retardation: diagnostic overshadowing,” The American Journal of Mental Deficiency, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 567–574, 1982.
[19]
A. D. Hurley, “Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with mental retardation and developmental disabilities,” Current Opinion in Pediatrics, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 361–365, 1996.
[20]
Report of the Task Force, Identification of Districts for Wage and Self-Employment Programs, Planning Commission, Bengal Offset Works, New Delhi, India, 2003, http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/publications/tsk_idw.pdf.
[21]
S. Chatterjee, V. Patel, A. Chatterjee, and H. A. Weiss, “Evaluation of a community-based rehabilitation model for chronic schizophrenia in rural India,” The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 182, pp. 57–62, 2003.
[22]
S. R. Schroeder, M. Gerry, G. Gertz, and F. Velazquez, Usage of the Term “Mental Retardation”: Language, Image and Public Education, University of Kansas, 2002, http://www.wwild.org.au/Victims%20of%20Crime/Downloads/Research/Disability%20Theory/Schroeder%20et%20al%20--%202002.pdf.
[23]
World Health Organization, Atlas: Global Resources for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007, http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/atlas_id_2007.pdf.
[24]
S. K. Kulshreshta, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale-Hindi Adaptation: 3rd Revision of from L-M, Manas Seva Sansthan Prakashan, Lucknow, India, 1971.
[25]
B. S. Jayashankarappa, “Intellectual tests and social-adaptive behavioural scales used for the assessment of the mentally handicapped in India,” Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies, vol. 4, pp. 21–24, 1986.
[26]
J. Bharat Raj, Vineland Social Maturity Scale-Indian Adaptation: Enlarged Version, Swayamsiddha Prakashanam, Mysore, India, 1992.
[27]
V. Beletsky and S. M. Mirsattari, “Epilepsy, mental health disorder, or both?” Epilepsy Research and Treatment, vol. 2012, Article ID 163731, 13 pages, 2012.
[28]
C. Gillberg, E. Persson, M. Grufman, and U. Themner, “Psychiatric disorders in mildly and severely mentally retarded urban children and adolescents: epidemiological aspects,” The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 149, pp. 68–74, 1986.
[29]
M. Rutter, J. Tizard, and W. Yule, “Isle of Wight studies, 1964–1974,” Psychological Medicine, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 313–332, 1976.
[30]
R. Lakhan, “Effect of play and exposure on development of children with intellectual disabilites through community based rehabilitation,” Indian Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol. 20, pp. 13–18, 2009.
[31]
B. Foxman, R. B. Valdez, and R. H. Brook, “Childhood enuresis: prevalence, perceived impact, and prescribed treatments,” Pediatrics, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 482–487, 1986.
[32]
I. Hazza and H. Tarawneh, “Primary nocturnal enuresis among school children in Jordan,” Saudi Journal of Kidney Disease and Transplantation, vol. 13, pp. 478–480, 2002.
[33]
S. Shreeram, J. P. He, A. Kalaydjian, S. Brothers, and K. R. Merikangas, “Prevalence of enuresis and its association with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder among U.S. children: results from a nationally representative study,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 35–41, 2009.
[34]
J. C. McHugh and N. Delanty, “Chapter 2 epidemiology and classification of epilepsy: gender comparisons,” International Review of Neurobiology, vol. 83, pp. 11–26, 2008.
[35]
M. Arvio and M. Sillanp？？, “Prevalence, aetiology and comorbidity of severe and profound intellectual disability in Finland,” Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 108–112, 2003.
[36]
S. L. Einfeld and B. J. Tonge, “Population prevalence of psychopathology in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: I. Rationale and methods,” Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 91–98, 1996.
[37]
C. Mohr, J. Curran, A. Coutts, and S. Dennis, “Collaboration—together we can find the way in dual diagnosis,” Issues in Mental Health Nursing, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 171–180, 2002.
