In Vivo and In Vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Terminalia paniculata Bark: An Evaluation of Possible Phytoconstituents and Mechanisms for Blood Glucose Control in Diabetes
The present study was aimed to investigate in vivo, in vitro antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark (AETPB) and characterize its possible phytoconstituents responsible for the actions. Type 2 diabetes was induced in rats by streptozotocin-nicotinamide (65？mg/kg–110？mg/kg; i.p.) administration. Oral treatment of AETPB using rat oral needle at 100 and 200？mg/kg doses significantly ( ) decreased blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin levels in diabetic rats than diabetic control rats. AETPB-treated diabetic rats body weight, total protein, insulin, and haemoglobin levels were increased significantly ( ) than diabetic control rats. A significant ( ) reduction of total cholesterol and triglycerides and increase in high-density lipoprotein levels were observed in type 2 diabetic rats after AETPB administration. Presence of biomarkers gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, and epicatechin in AETPB was confirmed in HPLC analysis. AETPB and gallic acid showed significant ( ) enhancement of glucose uptake action in presence of insulin in muscle cells than vehicle control. Also AETPB inhibited pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. In conclusion, the above actions might be responsible for the antidiabetic activity of AETPB due to presence of gallic acid and other biomarkers. 1. Introduction Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, altered lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins metabolism which affect the patient quality of life in terms of social, psychological well-being as well as physical ill health [1, 2]. Two forms of diabetes (Types 1 and 2) differ in their pathogenesis, but both have hyperglycemia as a common hall mark. In type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia caused due to impairment in insulin secretion combined with or without impairment of insulin action [3]. The World Health Organization reported that worldwide global population is in the midst of a diabetes epidemic. The people in Southeast Asia and Western Pacific are being under greater risk, and the majority of patients have type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance typically precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes and is commonly accompanied by other cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and prothrombotic factors [4]. Diabetes-related cardiovascular complications occur due to altered lipoprotein metabolism-mediated atherosclerosis, and diabetics are 2 to 4 times more likely to suffer from stroke [5]. Although different classes of drugs are available to control type 2 diabetes, still it is a challenging task to bring a better molecule which is
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