Background. Adiponectin, an adipokine secreted from adipose tissue, has antiobesity, anti-insulin resistance, and anticancer roles. The present study aimed to review the epidemiologic evidence about the association between adiponectin and cancers. Method. We searched in PubMed from 2002 to October 2011 by using the following key words: cancer, malignancy, cell proliferation, and adiponectin. Finally, 45 articles were recruited to review in the present paper. Findings. Several findings suggested inverse association between concentration of hormone and breast cancer risk. Low levels of adiponectin increase the risk of endometrial cancer in women. Adiponectin levels were significantly associated with prostate cancer in men. It seems that there is an inverse relationship between levels of adiponectin or its gene and colorectal cancer. Significant association between hormone and pancreatic cancer was found. Conclusion. Several findings suggested the negative correlation between adiponectin and risk of cancers. This relationship was more elucidated by the correlation between the hormone with obesity and insulin resistance. Suppression of growth and proliferation of cancer cells by adiponectin were explained via several mechanisms. 1. Introduction Obesity, influenced by environmental and genetic factors, is one of the important factors in the etiology of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer [1–3]. Obesity is related to increased level of inflammatory markers such as CRP (C-reactive protein) that are associated with metabolic syndrome [4]. According to evidence of 2005, 937 and 396 million people around the world were obese and overweight, respectively [5]. Obesity is significantly correlated with an increase in dietary energy density and also it can elevate the risk of CVD and metabolic syndrome [6, 7]. Adherence to the healthy dietary pattern [8] and high intake of fruits and vegetables [9] are inversely related to metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the consumption of plant proteins, such as beans, drives a significant reduction in the inflammatory markers such as CRP, while meat consumption can increase inflammatory markers in bloodstream [10, 11]. Dietary intakes have major role in controlling the inflammation and also weight management [12]. Obesity increases the risk of cancer. A study showed that the risk of cancer in obese women is 50% more than women with normal weight [13]. According to published studies, obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer are significantly associated
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