Escherichia coli is commonly found in intestine of human, and any changes in their adaptation or evolution may affect the human body. The relationship between E. coli and food additives is less studied as compared to antibiotics. E. coli within our human gut are consistently interacting with the food additives; thus, it is important to investigate this relationship. In this paper, we observed the evolution of E. coli cultured in different concentration of food additives (sodium chloride, benzoic acid, and monosodium glutamate), singly or in combination, over 70 passages. Adaptability over time was estimated by generation time and cell density at stationary phase. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) using 3 primers and restriction endonucleases, each was used to characterize adaptation/evolution at genomic level. The amplification and digestion profiles were tabulated and analyzed by Nei-Li dissimilarity index. Our results demonstrate that E. coli in every treatment had adapted over 465 generations. The types of stress were discovered to be different even though different concentrations of same additives were used. However, RFLP shows a convergence of genetic distances, suggesting the presence of global stress response. In addition, monosodium glutamate may be a nutrient source and support acid resistance in E. coli. 1. Introduction A change in the genetic code, also known as mutation, is the primary source of genetic variation which gives rise to diversity within a population. When accumulated over generations, these genetic variations may improve the adaptability; hence, the survival of organisms in different environmental conditions [1, 2]. This may in turn induce or preferentially select for further advantageous changes for better adaptation within the environment [3–5]. Although mutations-conferring advantageous traits have been observed in animals such as lizards [6] and fish [7], it is difficult to study these effects in a laboratory setting due to space and time constraints. For example, it took 36 years for the lizards to show distinct features [6]. On the other hand, bacteria has a number of advantages-fast generation time [2], ability, to fossilize, and resurrection of historical generations [8]. Escherichia coli, a common intestinal bacterium, has been used in a long-term evolutionary experiment spanning more than 2 decades [3, 9–11]. A number of stress adaptation studies had demonstrated that the growth phases may impact E. coli adaptation. Nair and Finkel [12] suggested that a nonspecific DNA
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