Ferroelectric materials rely on some type of non-centrosymmetric displacement correlations to give rise to a macroscopic polarisation. These displacements can show short-range order (SRO) that is reflective of the local chemistry, and so studying it reveals important information about how the structure gives rise to the technologically useful properties. A key means of exploring this SRO is diffuse scattering. Conventional structural studies use Bragg peak intensitiesto determine the average structure. In a single crystal diffuse scattering (SCDS) experiment, the coherent scattered intensity is measured at non-integer Miller indices, and can be used to examine the population of local configurations. This is because the diffuse scattering is sensitive to two-body averages, whereas the Bragg intensity gives single-body averages. This review outlines key results of SCDS studies on several materials and explores the similarities and differences in their diffuse scattering. Random strains are considered, as are models based on a phonon-like picture or a more local-chemistry oriented picture. Limitations of the technique are discussed. 1. Introduction Single crystal diffuse scattering (SCDS) has been the subject of study since the earliest days of crystallography [1] and is seen in many patterns collected using film (e.g., [2]), film being an early variant of “area detector” and therefore very good for surveying large regions of reciprocal space—far better than an electronic point counter. The different forms of disorder present in crystalline materials, and how they are manifested in diffraction patterns have been well explored, both in monographs and papers (these include [3–14]). Diffuse scattering can be defined for the purposes of this paper as the coherently scattered intensity that is not localised on the reciprocal lattice. It is the result of the two-body correlations in a crystalline material (see e.g., [15, 16]). These correlations may exist between atoms, molecules, and, in the case of neutron diffraction, magnetic moments [17–20]. It has long been known that diffuse scattering, an example is shown in Figure 1, contains information about the correlations in atomic and molecular thermal motions [21] as well as static short-range order. Modelling diffuse scattering is not simple, because locally the short-range order, SRO, need not obey the space group symmetry of the crystal. The global symmetry must be regained on averaging across the crystal but may not be present on the local scale of a few nanometres, or if one prefers, on the scale of a few
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