Genetic and phenotypic parameters for height, diameter at breast height (dbh), and volume were estimated for Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon clonal seed orchard in Malawi using an ASReml program, fitting an individual tree model. The data were from 88 clones assessed at 18, 23, 30, 35, and 40 years of age. Heritability estimates for height, dbh, and volume were moderate to high ranging from 0.19 to 0.54, from 0.14 to 0.53, and from 0.20 to 0.59,？respectively, suggesting a strong genetic control of the traits at the individual level, among families, and within families. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between the growth traits were significantly high and ranged from 0.69 to 0.97 and from 0.60 to 0.95, respectively. This suggests the possibility of indirect selection in trait with direct selection in another trait. The predicted genetic gains showed that the optimal rotational age of the Pinus kesiya clonal seed orchard is 30？years; therefore, it is recommended to establish a new Pinus kesiya clonal seed orchard. However, selective harvest of clones with high breeding values in the old seed orchard should be considered so that the best parents in the old orchard can continue to contribute until the new orchard is well established. 1. Introduction Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon occurs naturally in Himalaya region (Asian): Burma, China, India, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, Tibet, and Vietnam [1]. This species particularly grows well at altitudes from 600 to 1800？m above sea level [2]. The trees can reach heights of 30–35 or 45？m tall with straight, cylindrical trunk [3]. Pinus kesiya is a major exotic plantation species in Malawi and other Southern African countries. Its success as an exotic is due to its fast growth rate and wide adaptability. With the increasing demand for wood products globally [4], maximizing wood production on available land resources is of major importance. The high growth rate of Pinus kesiya, the variation evident in natural stands and plantations in Malawi, and the need to improve timber quality and production led to the establishment of a breeding programme in Malawi in the 1970s [5]. The breeding programme included phenotypic mass selection in Pinus kesiya stands and use of the material for seed production in clonal seed orchards. Seed orchards are plantations created for production of genetically improved seeds to create commercial forest crops [6]. The genetic quality of the seeds depends on the genetic superiority of the plus trees, their relationships, their combination ability, and the rate of pollen contamination, among
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