全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Modeling of Electronic Transport through Metal/Polymer Interfaces in Thin Film Transistors

DOI: 10.1155/2013/652587

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

We report on the modeling of electrical characteristics and contact-related effects of organic thin film transistors. An equivalent circuit is employed to simulate the electrical behavior of the devices. We suggest that, at low temperature, tunneling is the dominant mechanism of charge carrier injection, originating the nonlinearities often observed in these devices. The temperature dependence of the output characteristics is due to the fraction of carriers that are injected, via the competing mechanism of thermal activation, above the interface energy barrier at metal/organic contacts. The model successfully reproduces the electrical characteristics of P3HT polymeric transistors and allows for the decoupling and the study of the temperature dependence of the charge conduction through the organic channel. 1. Introduction Research into solution processable organic electronics has been a vibrant field of research over the last three decades. Many studies have focused on the realization of devices made with conjugated polymers due to the availability of simple deposition techniques to process these materials. While not destined to replace silicon-based technologies, they promise the advent of fully flexible devices for logic circuits, matrix displays, and photovoltaic cells. A common trait of polymer-based devices is that their performances critically depend on the efficiency with which charge carriers move within the conjugated material. Research efforts have been devoted to the development of high mobility polymers. Maximum mobilities of order 0.1?cm2V?1s?1 are found in thin films of polythiophene derivatives having enhanced interchain ordering [1]. This is about 4 orders of magnitude smaller than crystalline silicon, but similar to amorphous silicon. The low mobilities will naturally restrict applications to low frequency electronics. The problem of contact resistance in hybrid organic devices has recently been recognized as a major issue too. At the earlier stages of research in this area, the conductivity of the available media has been low, so that the device output current has in most cases been entirely limited by the organic channel resistance. As new materials with improved mobility have been synthetized, limitations by contact resistance are getting more and more crucial. Reinforcing this concern, modern devices are typically designed with much shorter channel length. As an example, in field effect transistors (FETs), this is motivated by the necessity to obtain switching speeds and drive currents that meet the requests of applications. In these

References

[1]  Y. Y. Noh and H. Sirringhaus, “Ultra-thin polymer gate dielectrics for top-gate polymer field-effect transistors,” Organic Electronics, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 174–180, 2009.
[2]  J. Zaumseil, K. W. Baldwin, and J. A. Rogers, “Contact resistance in organic transistors that use source and drain electrodes formed by soft contact lamination,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 93, no. 10, pp. 6117–6124, 2003.
[3]  P. V. Necliudov, M. S. Shur, D. J. Gundlach, and T. N. Jackson, “Contact resistance extraction in pentacene thin film transistors,” Solid-State Electronics, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 259–262, 2003.
[4]  L. Bürgi, T. J. Richards, R. H. Friend, and H. Sirringhaus, “Close look at charge carrier injection in polymer field-effect transistors,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 94, no. 9, pp. 6129–6137, 2003.
[5]  P. V. Necliudov, M. S. Shur, D. J. Gundlach, and T. N. Jackson, “Modeling of organic thin film transistors of different designs,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 88, no. 11, pp. 6594–6597, 2000.
[6]  D. J. Gundlach, L. Zhou, J. A. Nichols, T. N. Jackson, P. V. Necliudov, and M. S. Shur, “An experimental study of contact effects in organic thin film transistors,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 100, no. 2, Article ID 024509, 2006.
[7]  N. Koch, A. Kahn, J. Ghijsen et al., “Conjugated organic molecules on metal versus polymer electrodes: demonstration of a key energy level alignment mechanism,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 70–72, 2003.
[8]  G. Horowitz, “Organic thin film transistors: from theory to real devices,” Journal of Materials Research, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1946–1962, 2004.
[9]  A. B. Chwang and C. Daniel Frisbie, “Field effect transport measurements on single grains of sexithiophene: role of the contacts,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 104, no. 51, pp. 12202–12209, 2000.
[10]  R. A. Street and A. Salleo, “Contact effects in polymer transistors,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 81, no. 15, pp. 2887–2889, 2002.
[11]  T. Li, J. W. Balk, P. P. Ruden, I. H. Campbell, and D. L. Smith, “Channel formation in organic field-effect transistors,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 91, no. 7, p. 4312, 2002.
[12]  I. H. Campbell, T. W. Hagler, D. L. Smith, and J. P. Ferraris, “Direct measurement of conjugated polymer electronic excitation energies using metal/polymer/metal structures,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 1900–1903, 1996.
[13]  N. Nakanishi, K. Tada, M. Onoda, and H. Nakayama, “Electronic states at conducting polymer/conducting oxide interfaces observed using a low-energy photoelectron spectroscopic method,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 226–228, 1999.
[14]  I. H. Campbell, S. Rubin, T. A. Zawodzinski et al., “Controlling Schottky energy barriers in organic electronic devices using self-assembled monolayers,” Physical Review B, vol. 54, no. 20, pp. R14321–R14324, 1996.
[15]  K. Seshadri and C. D. Frisbie, “Potentiometry of an operating organic semiconductor field-effect transistor,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 78, no. 7, pp. 993–995, 2001.
[16]  T. van Woudenbergh, P. W. M. Blom, M. C. J. M. Vissenberg, and J. N. Huiberts, “Temperature dependence of the charge injection in poly-dialkoxy-p-phenylene vinylene,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 79, no. 11, pp. 1697–1699, 2001.
[17]  Y. Preezant and N. Tessler, “Self-consistent analysis of the contact phenomena in low-mobility semiconductors,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 93, no. 4, p. 2059, 2003.
[18]  M. A. Abkowitz, H. A. Mizes, and J. S. Facci, “Emission limited injection by thermally assisted tunneling into a trap-free transport polymer,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 1288–1290, 1995.
[19]  V. I. Arkhipov, E. V. Emelianova, Y. H. Tak, and H. B?ssler, “Charge injection into light-emitting diodes: theory and experiment,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 848–856, 1998.
[20]  S. Alborghetti, M. Coey, and P. Stamenov, “Dependence of charge carrier injection on the interface energy barrier in short-channel polymeric field effect transistors,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 100, no. 14, Article ID 143301, 4 pages, 2012.
[21]  N. Koch, A. Elschner, J. Schwartz, and A. Kahn, “Organic molecular films on gold versus conducting polymer: influence of injection barrier height and morphology on current-voltage characteristics,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 82, no. 14, pp. 2281–2283, 2003.
[22]  K. A. Singh, T. Young, R. D. McCullough, T. Kowaiewski, and L. M. Porter, “Planarization of polymeric field-effect transistors: improvement of nanomorphology and enhancement of electrical performance,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 20, no. 14, pp. 2216–2221, 2010.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133