Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rat subcutaneous tissue reaction to calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medicaments, UltraCal XS (calcium hydroxide, barium sulphate, aqueous matrix), Hydropast (calcium hydroxide, barium sulphate, and propyleneglycol), and Calen (Calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide, colophony, and polyethyleneglycol), used as a control. Methods. Forty-eight rats (Rattus Norvegicus Holtzman) were distributed in three groups: Calen, UltraCal XS, and Hydropast. Polyethylene tubes filled with one of the medicaments were implanted in the dorsal subcutaneous. After 7 and 30 days, the implants were removed and the specimens were fixed and embedded in paraffin. Morphological and quantitative analyses were carried out in the HE-stained sections. The numerical density of inflammatory cells in the capsule was evaluated and statistical analyses were performed ( ). Results. At 7 days, all materials induced an inflammatory reaction in the subcutaneous tissue adjacent to the implants. In all groups, a significant reduction in the number of inflammatory cells and giant cells was verified in the period of 30 days. Conclusion. These results indicate that the calcium hydroxide-based medicaments evaluated present biocompatibility similar to Calen. 1. Introduction The success of endodontic treatment of teeth with periapical lesion depends on the reduction or elimination of the intraradicular infection [1, 2]. The root canal mechanical preparation is not enough to eliminate this infection because many microorganisms are not only in the main root canal, but also disseminated throughout the root canal system. Therefore, the use of an intracanal dressing to eliminate the microorganisms is indicated [3–6]. Antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility are characteristics that an ideal intracanal dressing has to show [7]. Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] has been widely used for its biological and antimicrobial activity [4, 8], ability to dissolve organic tissue [9], and capacity to inactivate bacterial endotoxin [10, 11]. Despite these properties, the Ca(OH)2 has no satisfactory physical properties such as radiopacity to visualize on dental radiographs and flow capacity to facilitate its insertion in the root canal [12, 13]. For this reason, it needs the incorporation of a radiopacifying agent and a vehicle to improve these characteristics [8, 14]. Although the Ca(OH)2 shows an excellent biocompatibility, the addition of other substances can affect its biological properties [8, 12]. In the last years, it has been marketed the calcium hydroxide-based
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