This review examines the properties of graphene from an experimental perspective. The intent is to review the most important experimental results at a level of detail appropriate for new graduate students who are interested in a general overview of the fascinating properties of graphene. While some introductory theoretical concepts are provided, including a discussion of the electronic band structure and phonon dispersion, the main emphasis is on describing relevant experiments and important results as well as some of the novel applications of graphene. In particular, this review covers graphene synthesis and characterization, field-effect behavior, electronic transport properties, magnetotransport, integer and fractional quantum Hall effects, mechanical properties, transistors, optoelectronics, graphene-based sensors, and biosensors. This approach attempts to highlight both the means by which the current understanding of graphene has come about and some tools for future contributions. 1. Introduction Graphene is a single two-dimensional layer of carbon atoms bound in a hexagonal lattice structure. It has been extensively studied in the last several years even though it was only isolated for the first time in 2004 [1]. Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for their groundbreaking work on graphene. The fast uptake of interest in graphene is due primarily to a number of exceptional properties that it has been found to possess. There have been several reviews discussing the topic of graphene in recent years. Many are theoretically oriented, with Castro Neto et al.’s review of the electronic properties as a prominent example [2] and a more focused review of the electronic transport properties [3]. Experimental reviews, to name only a few, include detailed discussions of synthesis [4] and Raman characterization methods [5], of transport mechanisms [6, 7], of relevant applications of graphene such as transistors and the related bandgap engineering [8], and of graphene optoelectronic technologies [9]. We feel, however, that the literature is lacking a comprehensive overview of all major recent experimental results related to graphene and its applications. It is with the intent to produce such a document that we wrote this review. We gathered a great number of results from what we believe to be the most relevant fields in current graphene research in order to give a starting point to readers interested in expanding their knowledge on the topic. The review should be particularly wellsuited to graduate students who desire an
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