Sumac Leaves (SL) (Rhus Coriaria L. ) were investigated as an inexpensive and effective adsorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The effects of initial dye concentration, initial solution pH, phases contact time, and adsorbent dose on the adsorption of MB on SL were investigated. The amount of dye adsorbed was found to vary with initial solution pH, Sumac Leaves dose, MB concentration, and phases contact time. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were evaluated using the experimental data and the experimental results showed that the Langmuir model fits better than the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 151.69？mg/g from the Langmuir isotherm model at 25°C. The value of the monolayer saturation capacity of SL was comparable to the adsorption capacities of some other adsorbent materials for MB. The adsorption rate data were analyzed according to the pseudo-first order kinetic and pseudo-second order kinetic models and intraparticle diffusion model. It was found that kinetic followed a pseudo-second order model. 1. Introduction Dyes are widely used in many industries, such as textiles, leather, paper, printing, and cosmetics. In dyeing industry over 30–60 liters of water is consumed per kg of cloth dyed and large quantities of effluent are released during the process [1]. Presently there are over 450 mills with installed capacity of 20.2 million tons (MT) with average size of 2150 total producing days (TPD) with some units of 10000？TPD and few of 5000？TPD [2]. The textile industry alone accounts for two thirds of the total dyestuff production, about 10–15% of the dyes used come out through the effluent. Nearly 10–15% of the synthetic textiles dyes, used yearly, are lost to waste streams and about 20% of these waste enter the environment through untreated or ill-treated effluent from inefficient treatment plants. Consequently, their wastewater effluents are highly colored and the disposal of these into receiving waters causes damage to the environment as they may significantly affect photosynthetic activity in aquatic life due to reduced light penetration. The release of colored wastewater from these industries may present an ecotoxic hazard and introduce the potential danger of bioaccumulation, which may eventually affect man through the food chain [3]. Dyes are almost invariably a visible pollutant, so their removal from effluents, to be added to fresh water bodies, is ecologically essential. Color removal from textile effluents is a major environmental problem concerning these days
References
[1]
R. Sivaraj, C. Namasivayam, and K. Kadirvelu, “Orange peel as an adsorbent in the removal of Acid violet 17 (acid dye) from aqueous solutions,” Waste Management, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 105–110, 2001.
[2]
S. P. Raghuvanshi, R. Singh, and C. P. Kaushik, “Adsorption of congo red dye from aqueous solutions using neem leaves as adsorbent,” Asian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 4994–5000, 2008.
[3]
A. S. ALzaydien, “Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution onto a low-cost natural jordanian tripoli,” American Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 197–208, 2009.
[4]
K. G. Bhattacharya and A. Sharma, “Kinetics and thermodynamics of Methylene Blue adsorption on Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder,” Dyes and Pigments, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 51–59, 2005.
[5]
S. Chowdhury and P. D. Saha, “Biosorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions by a waste biomaterial: hen feathers,” Applied Water Science, vol. 2, pp. 209–219, 2012.
[6]
K. V. Kumar, “Optimum sorption isotherm by linear and non-linear methods for malachite green onto lemon peel,” Dyes and Pigments, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 595–597, 2007.
[7]
S. Senthilkumaar, P. R. Varadarajan, K. Porkodi, and C. V. Subbhuraam, “Adsorption of methylene blue onto jute fiber carbon: kinetics and equilibrium studies,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 284, no. 1, pp. 78–82, 2005.
[8]
B. H. Hameed and A. A. Ahmad, “Batch adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by garlic peel, an agricultural waste biomass,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 164, no. 2-3, pp. 870–875, 2009.
[9]
M. C. Ncibi, B. Mahjoub, and M. Seffen, “Kinetic and equilibrium studies of methylene blue biosorption by Posidonia oceanica (L.) fibres,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 280–285, 2007.
[10]
G. Palma, J. Freer, and J. Baeza, “Removal of metal ions by modified Pinus radiata bark and tannins from water solutions,” Water Research, vol. 37, no. 20, pp. 4974–4980, 2003.
[11]
M. ？zacar, C. Soykan, and I. A. ？engil, “Studies on synthesis, characterization, and metal adsorption of mimosa and valonia tannin resins,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 786–797, 2006.
[12]
A. Zalacain, M. Prodanov, M. Carmona, and G. L. Alonso, “Optimisation of extraction and identification of gallotannins from sumac leaves,” Biosystems Engineering, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 211–216, 2003.
[13]
A. U？er, A. Uyan？k, and F. ？. Aygün, “Adsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Mn(II) and Fe(III) ions by tannic acid immobilized activated carbon,” Seperation and Purification Technology, vol. 47, pp. 113–118, 2006.
[14]
P. Waranusantigul, P. Pokethitiyook, M. Kruatrachue, and E. S. Upatham, “Kinetics of basic dye (methylene blue) biosorption by giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza),” Environmental Pollution, vol. 125, no. 3, pp. 385–392, 2003.
[15]
C. Tien, Adsorption Calculations and Modeling, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, Mass, USA, 1994.
[16]
G. Crini, H. N. Peindy, F. Gimbert, and C. Robert, “Removal of C.I. Basic Green 4 (Malachite Green) from aqueous solutions by adsorption using cyclodextrin-based adsorbent: kinetic and equilibrium studies,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 97–110, 2007.
[17]
G. Limousin, J.-P. Gaudet, L. Charlet, S. Szenknect, V. Barthès, and M. Krimissa, “Sorption isotherms: a review on physical bases, modeling and measurement,” Applied Geochemistry, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 249–275, 2007.
[18]
G. Alberti, V. Amendola, M. Pesavento, and R. Biesuz, “Beyond the synthesis of novel solid phases: review on modelling of sorption phenomena,” Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 256, no. 1-2, pp. 28–45, 2012.
[19]
T. W. Weber and R. K. Chakravorti, “Pore and solid diffusion models for fixed-bed adsorbers,” Journal of American Institute of Chemical Engineers, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 228–238, 1974.
[20]
T. B. Iyim and G. Gü？lü, “Removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions using natural clay,” Desalination, vol. 249, no. 3, pp. 1377–1379, 2009.
[21]
S. Lagergren, “About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances,” Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademies Handlingar, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1–39, 1898.
[22]
Y. S. Ho and G. McKay, “A Comparison of chemisorption kinetic models applied to pollutant removal on various sorbents,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 332–340, 1998.
[23]
W. J. Weber and J. C. Morris, “Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution,” Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, vol. 89, pp. 31–59, 1963.
[24]
N. Kannan and M. M. Sundaram, “Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene blue by adsorption on various carbons—a comparative study,” Dyes and Pigments, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 25–40, 2001.
[25]
S. Karag？z, T. Tay, S. U？ar, and M. Erdem, “Activated carbons from waste biomass by sulfuric acid activation and their use on methylene blue adsorption,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 99, no. 14, pp. 6214–6222, 2008.
[26]
B. H. Hameed, R. R. Krishni, and S. A. Sata, “A novel agricultural waste adsorbent for the removal of cationic dye from aqueous solutions,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 162, no. 1, pp. 305–311, 2009.
[27]
E. N. El Qada, S. J. Allen, and G. M. Walker, “Adsorption of basic dyes onto activated carbon using microcolumns,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 45, no. 17, pp. 6044–6049, 2006.
[28]
B. H. Hameed, A. T. M. Din, and A. L. Ahmad, “Adsorption of methylene blue onto bamboo-based activated carbon: kinetics and equilibrium studies,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 141, no. 3, pp. 819–825, 2007.
[29]
W. F. Jaynes and S. A. Boyd, “Hydrophobicity of siloxane surfaces in smectites as revealed by aromatic hydrocarbon adsorption from water,” Clays & Clay Minerals, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 428–436, 1991.
[30]
P. Saha, “Assessment on the removal of methylene blue dye using tamarind fruit shell as biosorbent,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 213, no. 1–4, pp. 287–299, 2010.
[31]
B. H. Hameed, D. K. Mahmoud, and A. L. Ahmad, “Equilibrium modeling and kinetic studies on the adsorption of basic dye by a low-cost adsorbent: coconut (Cocos nucifera) bunch waste,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 158, no. 1, pp. 65–72, 2008.
[32]
Y. S. Ho and G. McKay, “Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 451–465, 1999.
[33]
W. H. Cheung, Y. S. Szeto, and G. McKay, “Intraparticle diffusion processes during acid dye adsorption onto chitosan,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 98, no. 15, pp. 2897–2904, 2007.
