Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are prototypical adult stem cells with the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation with a broad tissue distribution. MSCs not only differentiate into types of cells of mesodermal lineage but also into endodermal and ectodermal lineages such as bone, fat, cartilage and cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, lung epithelial cells, hepatocytes, neurons, and pancreatic islets. MSCs have been identified as an adherent, fibroblast-like population and can be isolated from different adult tissues, including bone marrow (BM), umbilical cord, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. MSCs secrete factors, including IL-6, M-CSF, IL-10, HGF, and PGE2, that promote tissue repair, stimulate proliferation and differentiation of endogenous tissue progenitors, and decrease inflammatory and immune reactions. In this paper, we focus on the role of BM-derived MSCs in organ repair. 1. Introduction The shortage of donor organs and the need of lifelong immunosuppression for the thousands of patients suffering from end-stage diseases worldwide are problems that need to be resolved. The repair, replacement, and regeneration of organs can restore impaired functions and are regarded as a potential solution to allotransplantation [1]. The bone marrow (BM) is an invaluable source of adult pluripotent stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are prototypical adult stem cells with the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation with a broad tissue distribution. MSCs have been identified as an adherent, fibroblast-like population, originally isolated from BM [2]. These multipotent cells can be differentiated in vitro and in vivo into various cell types of mesenchymal origin, such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes [3, 4]. Recently, more reports have demonstrated that MSCs secrete a variety of factors that promote tissue repair, stimulate proliferation and differentiation of endogenous tissue progenitors, and decrease inflammatory and immune reactions [5–7]. Because MSCs do not evoke an immune response, they are useful for allogenic organ and tissue repair. 2. Source, Multilineage Potential and Definition of MSCs MSCs were first isolated from BM and have since been isolated from different adult tissues, including skeletal muscle [8], adipose tissue [9], umbilical cord [10], synovium [11], the circulatory system [12], dental pulp [13], amniotic fluid [14], fetal blood [15], lung [16], liver, and BM [17]. Friedenstein and coworkers first reported the existence
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