Two Simple, accurate, precise, and rapid spectrophotometric and conductometric methods were developed for the estimation of erythromycin thiocyanate (I), clarithromycin (II), and azithromycin dihydrate (III) in both pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The spectrophotometric procedure depends on the reaction of rose bengal and copper with the cited drugs to form stable ternary complexes which are extractable with methylene chloride, and the absorbances were measured at 558, 557, and 560 nm for (I), (II), and (III), respectively. The conductometric method depends on the formation of an ion-pair complex between the studied drug and rose bengal. For the spectrophotometric method, Beer's law was obeyed. The correlation coefficient ( ) for the studied drugs was found to be 0.9999. The molar absorptivity ( ), Sandell’s sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were also calculated. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of certain pharmaceutical dosage forms containing the studied drugs 1. Introduction The macrolides are a large group of antibiotics mainly derived from Streptomyces. They have a common macrocyclic lactone ring to which one or more sugars are attached and are all weak bases that are only slightly soluble in water [1]. They are bacteriostatic agents. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding reversibly to 50 S ribosomal subunit of sensitive microorganisms [2]. Macrolides and related drugs have a postantibiotic effect, that is, antibacterial activity persists after concentrations have dropped below the minimum inhibitory concentration [1]. Erythromycin is produced by the actinomycete species, Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin is a polyhydroxylactone that contains two sugars. The aglycone portion of the molecule, erythranolide, is a 14-membered lactone ring. An amino sugar, desosamine, is attached through a β-glycosidic linkage to the C-5 position of the lactone ring. The tertiary amine of desosamine confers a basic character to erythromycin (pKa 8.8). Through this group, a number of acid salts of the antibiotic have been prepared. A second sugar, cladinose, which is unique to erythromycin, is attached via a β-glycosidic linkage to the C-3 position of the lactone ring [3]. It is commonly used to treat infections caused by gram-positive organisms, Mycoplasma species, and certain susceptible gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria within respiratory tract, skin, soft tissues, and genital tract [4]. More recently developed macrolides, including azithromycin and clarithromycin, seem to have
References
[1]
S. C. Sweetman, Martindale, the Complete Drug Reference, Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK, 35th edition, 2007.
[2]
S. Omura, Macrolide Antibiotics, Academic Press, London, UK, 1984.
[3]
J. N. Delgado and W. A. Remers, Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medecinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J. B. Lippincott Company, London, UK, 1998.
[4]
H. A. Krisr, Progress in Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 30 of Edited by G. P. Ellis and D. K. Luscombe, 1993.
[5]
British Pharmacopoeia, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK, 2007.
[6]
M. I. Walash, M. S. Rizk, M. I. Eid, and M. E. Fathy, “Spectrophotometric determination of four macrolide antibiotics in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids via binary complex formation with eosin and spectrophotometry,” Journal of AOAC International, vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 1579–1587, 2007.
[7]
J. Shah, M. R. Jan, and S. Manzoor, “Extractive spectrophotometric methods for determination of clarithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations using bromothymol blue and cresol red,” Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 1107–1112, 2008.
[8]
C. E. R. De Paula, V. G. K. Almeida, and R. J. Cassella, “Novel spectrophotometric method for the determination of azithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations based on its charge transfer reaction with quinalizarin,” Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1664–1671, 2010.
[9]
S. Ashour and R. Bayram, “Novel spectrophotometric method for determination of some macrolide antibiotics in pharmaceutical formulations using 1, 2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate,” Spectrochim Acta Part A, vol. 99, pp. 74–80, 2012.
[10]
S. D. Magar, A. P. Tupe, P. Y. Pawar, and B. Y. Mane, “Simultaneous spectrophotometric estimation of cefixime and azithrhomycin in tablet dosage form,” Current Pharma Research, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 535–538, 2012.
[11]
P. Y. Khashaba, “Spectrofluorimetric analysis of certain macrolide antibiotics in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 923–932, 2002.
[12]
N. El-Rabbat, H. F. Askal, P. Y. Khashaba, and N. N. Attia, “A validated spectrofluorometric assay for the determination of certain macrolide antibiotics in pharmaceutical formulations and spiked biological fluids,” Journal of AOAC International, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 1276–1287, 2006.
[13]
C. L. Flurer, “Analysis of macrolide antibiotics by capillary electrophoresis,” Electrophoresis, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 359–366, 1996.
[14]
A. K. Lalloo, S. C. Chattaraj, and I. Kanfer, “Development of a capillary electrophoretic method for the separation of the macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin, josamycin and oleandomycin,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 704, no. 1-2, pp. 333–341, 1997.
[15]
M. Hedenmo and B. M. Eriksson, “Liquid chromatographic determination of the macrolide antibiotics roxithromycin and clarithromycin in plasma by automated solid-phase extraction and electrochemical detection,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 692, no. 1-2, pp. 161–166, 1995.
[16]
M. Dubois, D. Fluchard, E. Sior, and P. Delahaut, “Identification and quantification of five macrolide antibiotics in several tissues, eggs and milk by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 753, no. 2, pp. 189–202, 2001.
[17]
R. V. S. Nirogi, V. N. Kandikere, M. Shukla et al., “Sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of azithromycin in human plasma,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 553, no. 1-2, pp. 1–8, 2005.
[18]
O. A. E. M. Farghaly and N. A. L. Mohamed, “Voltammetric determination of azithromycin at the carbon paste electrode,” Talanta, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 531–538, 2004.
[19]
J. A. Bernabéu, M. A. Camacho, M. E. Gil-Alegre, V. Ruz, and A. I. Torres-Suárez, “Microbiological bioassay of erythromycin thiocyanate: optimisation and validation,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 347–353, 1999.
[20]
H. R. N. Salgado and A. F. F. Roncari, “Microbiological assay for the determination of azithromycin in ophthalmic solutions,” Yaoxue Xuebao, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 544–549, 2005.
[21]
A. S. Amin and M. M. El-Henawee, “Colorimetric method for the simultaneous determination of chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride and anhydrous caffeine in pure and dosage forms with rose bengal,” Mikrochimica Acta, vol. 118, no. 3-4, pp. 177–183, 1995.
[22]
F. M. Abdel-Gawad, “Spectrophotometric determination of oxybuprocaine hydrochloride with halofluorescein derivatives,” Farmaco, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 197–200, 1995.
[23]
A. S. Amin, “Spectrophotometric and conductometric determination of clindamycin hydrochloride in pure form and in pharmaceutical preparations,” Analusis, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 415–417, 1995.
[24]
S. M. Amer, Z. El-Sherif, and M. M. Amer, “Spectrophotometric determination of isoniazid, nalidixic acid and flumequine through ternary complex-formation with Cd (II) and rose bengal,” Egyptian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 35, no. 1–6, pp. 627–642, 1994.
[25]
H. Parham and A. G. Fazeli, “Extraction-spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of barium by 18-crown-6 and rose bengal,” Analytical Sciences, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 575–577, 2000.
[26]
M. A. El Ries, “Spectrophotometric and indirect determination of lincomycin by atomic absorption spectroscopy,” Analytical Letters, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1517–1531, 1994.
[27]
H. E. Abdellatef, M. M. Ayad, and E. A. Taha, “Spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of ramipril and perindopril through ternary complex formation with eosin and Cu(II),” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1021–1027, 1999.
[28]
M. M. Ayad, A. A. Shalaby, H. E. Abdellatef, and M. M. Hosny, “Spectrophotometric and AAS determination of ramipril and enalapril through ternary complex formation,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 311–321, 2002.
[29]
A. A. M. Moustafa, “Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of lansoprazole and pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 45–58, 2000.
[30]
M. I. Walash, M. E. S. Metwally, M. Eid, and R. N. El-Shaheny, “Spectrophotometric determination of risedronate in pharmaceutical formulations via complex formation with Cu(II) ions: application to content uniformity testing,” International Journal of Biomedical Science, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 303–309, 2008.
[31]
J. J. Lingane, Electroanalytical Chemistry, Interscience, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1958.
[32]
S. A. Tirmizi, F. H. Wattoo, M. H. S. Wattoo, S. Sarwar, A. N. Memon, and A. B. Ghangro, “Spectrophotometric study of stability constants of cimetidine-Ni(II) complex at different temperatures,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 93–100, 2010.
[33]
J. Inczedy, Analytical Application of Complex Equilibriia, Budapest, John Wiley & Sons, 1976.
[34]
J. H. Yoe and A. L. Jones, “Ccrforimetric determination of iron with disodium-1,2-dlhydroxybenzene-3,5-disuffonate,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 16, pp. 111–115, 1944.
[35]
International Conference on Harmonisation, ICH, of Technical Requirments for Registeration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, 2005.
