Dementia is a complex disorder that mostly affects the elderly and represents a significant and growing public health burden in the world. Alzheimer’s disease (AD)- associated dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are the most common forms of dementia, in which oxidative stress is significantly involved. Oxidative stress mechanisms may have clinical applications, that is, providing information for potential biomarkers. Thus brain-rich peptides with an antioxidant property, such as CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript), may be promising new markers. This paper summarizes the progress in research regarding oxidative stress in dementia with a focus on potential biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the main forms of dementia. Other central and peripheral biomarkers, especially those considered oxidative stress related, are also discussed. This paper aims to provide information to improve current understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of dementia. It also offers insight into the differential diagnosis of AD and DLB. 1. Introduction Dementia is a multisystem-related neurodegenerative disorder. According to the DSM-IIIR (the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 3rd edition, revised) the essential feature of dementia is impairment in short- and long-term memory, associated with impairment in abstract thinking, impaired judgment, other disturbances of higher cortical function, or personality change. The disturbance is severe enough to interfere significantly with work or usual social activities or relationships with others. The diagnosis of dementia is not made if these symptoms occur in delirium. The DSM-IIIR definition of dementia is reliable and is routinely used in clinical guidelines [1, 2]. There are several forms of dementia, including dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), corticobasal degeneration/dementia (CBD), frontotemporal dementias (FTD) (also known as frontotemporal lobar degenerations or FTLD), vascular dementia (VAD), and prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) [1, 3]. Among all forms of dementia, Alzheimer’s dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies are the most common. AD is accounting for 60–80% of the total number of dementia, characterized by extracellular fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ), especially long form 42 amino acids of Aβ (Aβ42) deposits (amyloid plaques), intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT, phosphate-tau related), and neuronal as well as axonal degeneration in the brain [4–6]. Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), accounting for 15–30% of
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