全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Multiscale Erosion Surfaces of the Organic-Rich Barnett Shale, Fort Worth Basin, USA

DOI: 10.1155/2013/759395

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

The high frequency and diversity of erosion surfaces throughout the Barnett Shale give a unique view into the short-duration stratigraphic intervals that were previously much more difficult to detect in such fine-grained rocks. The erosion surfaces in Barnett Shale exhibit variable relief (5.08–61?mm) which commonly consists of shelly laminae, shale rip-up clasts, reworked mud intraclasts, phosphatic pellets, and/or diagenetic minerals (dolomite and pyrite) mostly with clay-rich mudstone groundmass. Several factors control this lithological variation, including the energy conditions, rate of relative sea-level fluctuation, rate of sedimentation, sediment influx, and the lithofacies type of the underlying as well as the overlying beds. The erosional features and their associated surfaces make them serve at least in part as boundaries between different genetic types of deposits but with different scales according to their dependence on base level and/or sediment supply. Accordingly, the studied erosion surfaces of the Barnett Shale can be grouped into three different scales of sequence stratigraphic surfaces: sequence-scale surfaces, parasequence-scale surfaces, and within trend-scale surfaces. 1. Introduction The classic interpretation of organic-rich shale (≥0.5%??total organic carbon) deposition emphasized continuous hemipelagic deposition in deep, quiet, low energy and stagnant basins, often with a stratified water column. However, Schieber [1] identified laterally continuous erosion surfaces in the Chattanooga Shale and he interpreted them as being the result of wave reworking and erosion of the sea floor. These surfaces are direct indications of major environmental events that may include nondeposition and/or erosion events. The multiple erosion events, resultant surfaces, and erosion features are common within the coarser clastic rocks and are pivotal in classifying depositional sequences based upon relative sea-level fluctuations. On the other hand, in fine-grained sediments, these events are subtle [2], although the identification is important in elucidating and development of the sequence stratigraphic framework for such rocks. Mud floored erosion in the geologic record is often associated with zones of intensely burrowed sediment; hiatus-concretions and prefossilized organic remains reveal complex cycles of exhumation and reburial associated with erosion (see [3–6]). Of particular significance are intervals of vertically mixed sediment, shells, and nodules associated with this erosion and/or reworking surfaces. Such sediment intervals yield a

References

[1]  J. Schieber, “Evidence for high-energy events and shallow-water deposition in the Chattanooga Shale, Devonian, central Tennessee, USA,” Sedimentary Geology, vol. 93, no. 3-4, pp. 193–208, 1994.
[2]  M. O. Abouelresh and R. M. Slatt, “Shale depositional processes: example from the paleozoic Barnett Shale, Fort Worth Basin, Texas, USA,” Central European Journal of Geoscience, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 398–409, 2011.
[3]  W. J. Kennedy and H. C. Klinger, “Hiatus-concretions and hardground horizons in the Cretaceous of Zululand,” Paleontology, pp. 539–549, 1972.
[4]  W. J. Kennedy and R. E. Garrison, “Morphology and genesis of nodular chalks and hardgrounds in the Upper Cretaceous of Southern England,” Sedimentology, vol. 22, pp. 311–386, 1975.
[5]  W. J. Kennedy and R. E. Garrison, “Morphology and genesis of nodular phosphates in the Cenomanian Glauconitic Marl of southeast England,” Lethaia, vol. 8, pp. 339–360, 1975.
[6]  G. C. Baird, “Pebbly phosphorites in shale, a key to recognition of a widespread submarine discontinuity in the Middle Devonian of New York,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, vol. 2, pp. 545–555, 1978.
[7]  J. Schieber, “Sedimentary features indicating erosion, condensation, and hiatuses in the Chattanooga Shale of Central Tennessee: relevance for sedimentary and stratigraphic evolution,” in Shales and Mudstones, J. Schieber, W. Zimmerle, and P. Sethi, Eds., vol. 1, pp. 187–215, 1998.
[8]  D. Nummedal and D. J. P. Swift, “Transgressive stratigraphy at sequence-bounding unconformities: some principles derived from Holocene and Cretaceous examples,” in Sea-Level Fluctuation and Coastal Evolution, D. Nummedal, O. H. Pilkey, and J. D. Howard, Eds., vol. 42, pp. 358–370, SEPM Special Publication, 1987.
[9]  M. O. Abouelresh and R. M. Slatt, “Lithofacies and sequence stratigraphy of the Barnett Shale in east-central Fort Worth Basin, Texas,” AAPG Bulletin, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 1–22, 2012.
[10]  S. L. Montgomery, D. M. Jarvie, K. A. Bowker, and R. M. Pollastro, “Mississippian Barnett Shale, Fort Worth basin, north-central Texas: Gas-shale play with multi-trillion cubic foot potential,” AAPG Bulletin, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 155–175, 2005.
[11]  P. T. Flawn, A. Goldstein Jr., P. B. King, and C. E. Weaver, “The Ouachita system: University of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology,” Report 6120, 1961.
[12]  J. L. Walper, “Plate tectonic evolution of the Fort Worth Basin,” in Petroleum Geology of the Fort Worth Basin and Bend Arch Area, C. A. Martin, Ed., pp. 237–251, Dallas Geological Society, Dallas, Tex, USA, 1982.
[13]  J. K. Arbenz, “Structure framework of the ouachita mountains,” in Stratigraphic and Structural Evolution of the Ouachita Mountains and Arkoma Basin, Southeastern Oklahoma and West-Central Arkansas: Application To Petroleum Exploration, N. H. Suneson, Ed., pp. 4–40, Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular, 2009.
[14]  J. D. Henry, “Stratigraphy of the Barnett Shale (Mississippian) and associated reefs in the northern Fort Worth Basin,” in Petroleum Geology of the Fort Worth Basin and Bend Arch Area, C. A. Martin, Ed., pp. 157–178, Dallas Geological Society, Dallas, Tex, USA, 1982.
[15]  J. W. Flippin, “The stratigraphy, structure, and economic aspects of the Paleozoic strata in Erath County, north central Texas,” in Petroleum Geology of the Fort Worth Basin and Bend Arch Area, C. A. Martin, Ed., pp. 129–155, Dallas Geological Society, Dallas, Tex, USA, 1982.
[16]  R. S. Kier, L. F. Brown, and E. F. McBride, The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) Systems in the United States: Texas, vol. 14, Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin, Geological Circular, Austin, Texas, 1980.
[17]  W. J. Mapel, R. B. Johnson, G. O. Bachman, and K. L. Varnes, “Southern midcontinent and southern Rocky Mountains region,” in Paleotectonic Investigations of the Mississippian System in the United States, L. C. Craig and C. W. Connor, Eds., vol. 1010, pp. 161–187, Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1979.
[18]  R. G. Loucks and S. C. Ruppel, “Mississippian Barnett Shale: Lithofacies and depositional setting of a deep-water shale-gas succession in the Fort Worth Basin, Texas,” AAPG Bulletin, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 579–601, 2007.
[19]  H. D. Rowe, R. G. Loucks, S. C. Ruppel, and S. M. Rimmer, “Mississippian Barnett Formation, Fort Worth Basin, Texas: Bulk geochemical inferences and Mo-TOC constraints on the severity of hydrographic restriction,” Chemical Geology, vol. 257, no. 1-2, pp. 16–25, 2008.
[20]  B. U. Haq and S. R. Schutter, “A chronology of paleozoic sea-level changes,” Science, vol. 322, no. 5898, pp. 64–68, 2008.
[21]  P. Singh, Lithofacies and sequence-stratigraphic framework of the Barnett Shale, northeast Texas [Ph.D. thesis], University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 2008.
[22]  J. Macquaker, “Micro-Textural Analyses of Fine-Grained Sediments and the Roles that Advective Sediment Transport and Suspension Settling Processes Play in the Deposition of Fine-Grained Organic Carbon-Rich Sediments. OR Just How Shaky are the Current Depositional Models that Seek to Explain the Origin of Source Rocks / shale Gas Reservoirs?” in Proceedings of the Critical assessment of shale resource plays (ex. abs.), American Association Of Petroleum Geologists/Society of Economic Geologists/Society of Petroleum Geologists/ Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysis Hedberg Conference, Austin, Texas, USA, December 2010.
[23]  P. E. Potter, J. B. Maynard, and P. J. Depetris, Mud and Mudstones: Introduction and Overview, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2005.
[24]  V. Caron, C. S. Nelson, and P. J. J. Kamp, “Transgressive surfaces of erosion as sequence boundary markers in cool-water shelf carbonates,” Sedimentary Geology, vol. 164, no. 3-4, pp. 179–189, 2004.
[25]  A. P. Heward, “A review of wave-dominated clastic shoreline deposits,” Earth Science Reviews, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 223–276, 1981.
[26]  S. M. Kidwell, “The stratigraphy of shell concentrations,” in Taphonomy, Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record, P. A. Allison and D. E. G. Briggs, Eds., pp. 211–290, Plenum, New York, NY, USA, 1991.
[27]  F. T. Fursich, W. Oschmann, I. B. Singh, and A. K. Jaitly, “Hardgrounds, reworked concretion levels and condensed horizons in the Jurassic of western India: their significance for basin analysis,” Journal of Geological Society, vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 313–331, 1992.
[28]  J. J. Hickey and B. Henk, “Lithofacies summary of the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Mitchell 2 T.P. Sims well, Wise County, Texas,” AAPG Bulletin, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 437–443, 2007.
[29]  P. Singh, R. M. Slatt, G. Borges et al., “Reservoir characterization of unconventional gas shale reservoirs: example from the Barnett Shale, Texas, U.S.A,” Oklahoma City Geological Society Shale Shaker, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 15–31, 2009.
[30]  R. T. Wilkin, H. L. Barnes, and S. L. Brantley, “The size distribution of framboidal pyrite in modern sediments: an indicator of redox conditions,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 60, no. 20, pp. 3897–3912, 1996.
[31]  R. T. Wilkin, M. A. Arthur, and W. E. Dean, “History of water-column anoxia in the Black Sea indicated by pyrite framboid size distributions,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 148, no. 3-4, pp. 517–525, 1997.
[32]  D. Bond, P. B. Wignall, and G. Racki, “Extent and duration of marine anoxia during the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction in Poland, Germany, Austria and France,” Geological Magazine, vol. 141, no. 2, pp. 173–193, 2004.
[33]  K. L. Bann, C. R. Fielding, J. A. MacEachern, and S. C. Tye, “Differentiation of estuarine and offshore marine deposits using integrated ichnology and sedimentology: Permian Pebbly Beach Formation, Sydney Basin, Australia,” in The Application of Ichnology To Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis, D. McIlroy, Ed., vol. 228, pp. 179–211, Geological Society, London, UK, 2004.
[34]  J. P. Herbin, C. Muller, J. R. Geyssant, F. Melieres, I. E. Penn, and Y. Group, “Variation of the distribution of organic matter within a transgressive system tract: Kimmeridge Clay (Jurassic), England,” in Source Rocks in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework, B. J. Katz and L. M. Pratt, Eds., vol. 37, pp. 67–100, The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1993.
[35]  G. C. Baird, C. E. Brett, and W. T. Kirchgasser, “Genesis of black shale-roofed discontinuities in the Devonian Genesee Formation, Western New York State,” in Devonian of the World, N. J. McMillan, A. F. Embry, and D. J. Glass, Eds., vol. 2, pp. 357–375, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, Canada, 1988.
[36]  E. Allersma, “Mud on the oceanic shelf of Guiana,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Investigation and Resources of the Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions, pp. 193–203, UNESCO, Paris, France.
[37]  J. M. Rine and R. N. Ginsburg, “Depositional facies of a mud shoreface in Suriname, South America: a mud analogue to sandy, shallow-marine deposits,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 633–652, 1985.
[38]  A. G. Plint, “Sharp-based shoreface sequences and “offshore bars” in the Cardium Formation of Alberta, their relationship to relative changes in sea level,” in Sea Level Changes: An Integrated Approach, C. K. Wilgus, B. S. Hastings, C. G. St. C. Kendall, H. W. Posamentier, C. A. Ross, and J. C. Van Wagoner, Eds., vol. 42, pp. 357–370, SEPM Special Publication, 1988.
[39]  D. Nummedal, G. W. Riley, and P. L. Templet, “High-resolution sequence architecture: a chronostratigraphic model based on equilibrium profile studies,” in Sequence Stratigraphy and Facies Association, H. Posamentier, C. P. Summerhayes, B. U. Haq, and C. P. Allen, Eds., vol. 18, pp. 55–68, SEPM Special Publication, 1993.
[40]  J. A. Howe, M. S. Stoker, and K. J. Woolfe, “Deep-marine seabed erosion and gravel lags in the northwestern Rockall Trough, North Atlantic Ocean,” Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 158, no. 3, pp. 427–438, 2001.
[41]  J. A. MacEachern, B. A. Zaitlin, and S. G. Pemberton, “High-resolution sequence stratigraphy of early transgressive deposits, Viking Formation, Joffre Field, Alberta, Canada,” AAPG Bulletin, vol. 82, no. 5 A, pp. 729–756, 1998.
[42]  S. A. J. Pattison, “Sequence stratigraphic significance of sharp-based lowstand shoreface deposits, Kenilworth Member, Book Cliffs, Utah,” AAPG Bulletin, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 444–462, 1995.
[43]  S. M. Kidwell and P. J. Brenchley, “Patterns in bioclastic accumulation through the Phanerozoic: changes in input or in destruction?” Geology, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1139–1143, 1994.
[44]  R. G. Walker, “Sedimentary and tectonic origin of a transgressive surface of erosion: Viking Formation, Alberta, Canada,” Journal of Sedimentary Research B, vol. 65, pp. 209–221, 1995.
[45]  I. G. Hwang and P. L. Heller, “Anatomy of a transgressive lag: Panther Tongue Sandstone, Star Point Formation, central Utah,” Sedimentology, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 977–999, 2002.
[46]  A. Hallam, “Eustatic cycles in the Jurassic,” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 23, pp. 1–32, 1978.
[47]  M. Elrick and J. F. Read, “Cyclic ramp-to-basin carbonate deposits, Lower Mississippian, Wyoming and Montana: a combined field and computer modeling study,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 1194–1224, 1991.
[48]  P. B. Wignall and J. R. . Maynard, “The sequence stratigraphy of transgressive black shales,” in Source Rocks in a Sequence stratigraphic framework, B. J. Katz and L. Pratt, Eds., vol. 37, pp. 35–47, The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology, 1993.
[49]  P. B. Wignall, Black Shales, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1994.
[50]  D. J. P. Swift and J. A. Thorne, “Sedimentation on continental margins I: a general model for shelf sedimentation,” in Shelf Sand and Sandstone Bodies, D. J. P. Swift, G. F. Oertel, R. W. Tillman, and J. A. Thorne, Eds., vol. 14, pp. 3–31, International Association of Sedimentologists, 199l.
[51]  D. J. P. Swift, S. Phillips, and J. A. Thorne, “Sedimentation on continental margins I: a general model for shelf sedimentation,” in Shelf Sand and Sandstone Bodies, D. J. P. Swift, G. F. Oertel, R. W. Tillman, and J. A. Thorne, Eds., vol. 14, pp. 153–187, International Association of Sedimentologists, 199l.
[52]  R. G. Walker and A. G. Plint, “Wave- and storm-dominated shallow marine systems,” in Facies Models: Response To Sea Level Change, R. G. Walker and N. P. James, Eds., pp. 219–238, Geological Association of Canada, 1992.
[53]  J. P. Bhattarcharya, “The expression and interpretation of marine flooding surfaces and erosional surfaces in core, examples from the upper Cretaceous Dunvegan Formation, Alberta Foreland basin, Canada,” in Sequence Stratigraphy and Facies Associations, H. W. Posamentier, C. P. Summerhayes, B. U. Haq, and G. P. Allen, Eds., vol. 18 of International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, pp. 125–160, Blackwell Publishing, 1993.
[54]  A. F. Embry, “Sequence boundaries and sequence hierarchies: problems and proposals,” in Sequence Stratigraphy: Advances and Applications for Exploration and Production in Northwest Europe. Stavanger, R. J. Steel, V. L. Felt, E. P. Johannesen, and C. Mathieu, Eds., pp. 1–11, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1995.
[55]  K. M. Husley, Lithofacies characterization and sequence stratigraphic framework for some gas-bearing shales within the Horn River Basin, Northeastern British Colombia [M.S. thesis], University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 2011.
[56]  O. Catuneanu, V. Abreu, J. P. Bhattacharya, et al., “Toward the standardization of the sequence stratigraphy,” Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 92, no. 1-2, pp. 1–33, 2009.
[57]  O. Catuneanu, Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2006.
[58]  A. Embry, E. Johannessen, D. Owen, B. Beauchamp, and P. Gianolla, “Sequence stratigraphy as a “Concrete” stratigraphic discipline,” Report of the ISSC Task Group on Sequence Stratigraphy, 2007.
[59]  K. M. Bohacs and J. R. Schwalbach, “Sequence stratigraphy of fine-grained rocks with special reference to the Monterey Formation,” in Sequence Stratigraphy in Fine-Grained Rocks: Examples From the Monterey Formation, J. R. Schwalbach and K. M. Bohacs, Eds., vol. 70, Pacific Section SEPM Guidebook, 1992.
[60]  M. R. Slatt, Stratigraphic Reservoir Characterization for Petroleum Geologists, Geophysicists, and Engineers, Elsevier, 2006.
[61]  R. Raiswell and D. E. Canfield, “Sources of iron for pyrite formation in marine sediments,” The American Journal of Science, vol. 298, no. 3, pp. 219–245, 1998.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133