Recent reports have demonstrated that elevated plasma long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) levels are associated with cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. In the current study, we investigated the plasma PTX3 levels in 296 Malay subjects including the subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients with or without DN by using an enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay. Results showed that in males, plasma PTX3 levels in T2DM patients without DN were lower than that in the subjects with NGT (2.78 versus 3.98？ng/mL; ). Plasma PTX3 levels in T2DM patients with DN were decreased compared to the patients without DN (1.63 versus 2.78？ng/mL; ). In females, however, no significant alteration of plasma PTX3 levels among NGT subjects and T2DM patients with and without DN was detected. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between PTX3 and body mass index was found in male subjects with NGT ( ; ), but not in male T2DM patients, neither in all females. The current study provided the first evidence that decreased plasma PTX3 levels are associated with T2DM and DN in Malay men and also suggested that PTX3 may have different effects in DN and chronic kidney diseases. 1. Introduction Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity have become epidemic in Malaysia. According to the latest National Health and Morbidity Surveys, 14.9% of Malaysian adults aged 30 years and above are diabetic and they are often obese or overweight [1, 2]. Moreover, diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and contributes to 57% of patients with T2DM in this country. Although T2DM represents a preventable and treatable cause of ESRD, the number of ESRD cases caused by T2DM has increased and accounts for more than 50% of incident dialysis patients [3–5]. The public burden from diabetes and DN is enormous. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an acute-phase glycoprotein and a soluble receptor acting as an opsonin. PTX3 protein is expressed in vascular endothelial cells and macrophages. Thereby, its levels may reflect more directly the inflammatory status of the vasculature [6, 7]. Recently, several clinical investigations have demonstrated that elevated plasma PTX3 levels are associated with cardiovascular [8, 9] and chronic kidney diseases (CKD) [10, 11]. Furthermore, plasma PTX3 levels are inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) suggesting that PTX3 may play a role in obesity and metabolic syndrome [12, 13]. Interestingly, with the approach of genome-wide scan and linkage analysis, chromosome 3q is found to be linked with diabetes and DN in many
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