This review article recapitulates the analytical methods for the quantitative determinations of diltiazem and three H2 receptor antagonists (cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine) by one of the spectroscopic technique (UV spectrophotometery) and separation technique such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The clinical and pharmaceutical analysis of these drugs requires effective analytical procedures for quality control, pharmaceutical dosage formulations, and biological fluids. An extensive survey of the literature published in various analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry-related journals has been compiled in its review. A synopsis of reported spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods for individual drug is integrated. This appraisal illustrates that majority of the HPLC methods reviewed are based on the quantitative analysis of drugs in biological fluids, and they are appropriate for therapeutic drug monitoring purpose. 1. Introduction 1.1. Diltiazem Hydrochloride Diltiazem hydrochloride (DLZ), d-cis diltiazem, d-cis-3-acetyloxy-5-[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)one)hydrochloride (Figure 1) are one of the widely used benzothiazepine Ca2+-blocking drugs (calcium channel blockers). Clinically it is used to treat cardiovascular diseases such as angina pectoris, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias [1, 2]. Figure 1: Diltiazem. 1.2. Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists Histamine H2 receptor antagonists: cimetidine (CIM), ranitidine (RAN), and famotidine (FAM) classified as class III drugs (high solubility, low permeability) according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) [3, 4] are used in the treatment of gastrooesophageal reflux disease and gastric and duodenal ulceration [5]. 1.3. Cimetidine Cimetidine？？is？N-Cyano-N-methyl-N-[2-[[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]thio]ethyl]guanidine, contains imidazole ring (Figure 2), and inhibits hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 P450 isoforms [6]. Figure 2: Cimetidine. 1.4. Ranitidine Hydrochloride Ranitidine？？hydrochloride？？is N-{2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2 furanyl]methyl]thio]ethyl}-N′-methyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine (Figure 3), a histamine H2 receptor antagonist with a furan ring structure that increases its potency to inhibit gastric acid secretion induced by various stimuli, while lacking the antiandrogenic and hepatic microsomal enzyme-inhibiting effects [7]. Figure 3: Ranitidine. 1.5. Famotidine Famotidine, 3-[[[2-[(aminoiminomethyl)
References
[1]
D. Colin, Therapeutic Drug, Churchill Livingstone, Division of Longman Group, London, UK, 2nd edition, 1999.
[2]
S. C. Sweetman, Martindale, the Complete Drug Reference, Pharmaceutical Press, 33rd edition, 2002.
[3]
E. Jantratid, S. Prakongpan, J. B. Dressman et al., “Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: cimetidine,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 974–984, 2006.
[4]
B. A. Hendriksen, M. V. S. Felix, and M. B. Bolger, “The composite solubility versus pH profile and its role in intestinal absorption prediction,” AAPS PharmSci, vol. 5, no. 1, article E4, 2003.
[5]
J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, and A. G. Gilman, Eds., Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 10th edition, 2001.
[6]
C. Martínez, C. Albet, J. A. G. Agúndez, et al., “Comparative in vitro and in vivo inhibition of cytochrome P450 CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A by H2-receptor antagonists,” Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 369–376, 1999.
[7]
N. R. Peden, J. H. B. Saunders, and K. G. Wormsley, “Inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated and nocturnal gastric secretion by ranitidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist,” The Lancet, vol. 1, no. 8118, pp. 690–692, 1979.
[8]
C. W. Howden and G. N. J. Tytgat, “The tolerability and safety profile of famotidine,” Clinical Therapeutics, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 36–54, 1996.
[9]
H. D. Maples, L. P. James, C. D. Stowe et al., “Famotidine disposition in children and adolescents with chronic renal insufficiency,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 7–14, 2003.
[10]
United States Pharmacopeia 30, National Formulary 25, Official Monographs, The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Md, USA, 2007.
[11]
D. J. Mazzo, C. L. Obetz, and J. Shuster, “Diltiazem hydrochloride,” Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients, vol. 23, pp. 53–98, 1994.
[12]
P. M. G. Bavin, A. Post, J. E. Zarembo, et al., “Cimetidine,” in Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances, K. Florey, Ed., vol. 13, pp. 127–183, Academic Press, Orlando, Fla, USA, 30th edition, 1984.
[13]
M. Hohnjec, J. Kuftinec, M. Malnar, et al., “Ranitidine,” in Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances, K. Florey, Ed., vol. 15, pp. 533–561, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1986.
[14]
European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France, 4th edition, 2002.
[15]
“The United State Pharmacopoea,” vol. 34, pp. 2581–2586, 2011.
[16]
“The United State Pharmacopoea,” vol. 34, pp. 2337–2340, 2011.
[17]
“The Birtish Pharmacopoea,” 6th edition, pp. 2602–2605, 2011.
[18]
“The United State Pharmacopoea,” vol. 34, pp. 3258–3261, 2011.
[19]
“The United State Pharmacopoea,” vol. 34, pp. 2792–2796, 2011.
[20]
“The Birtish Pharmacopoea,” 6th edition, pp. 2805–2806, 2011.
[21]
“The Birtish Pharmacopoea,” 6th edition, pp. 3258–3261, 2011.
[22]
C. Georgita, F. Albu, V. David, and A. Medvedovici, “Nonlinear calibrations on the assay of dilitiazem and two of its metabolites from plasma samples by means of liquid chromatography and ESI/MS2 detection: application to a bioequivalence study,” Biomedical Chromatography, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 289–297, 2008.
[23]
B. K. Matuszewski, M. L. Constanzer, and C. M. Chavez-Eng, “Strategies for the assessment of matrix effect in quantitative bioanalytical methods based on HPLC-MS/MS,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 75, no. 13, pp. 3019–3030, 2003.
[24]
R. Dams, M. A. Huestis, W. E. Lambert, and C. M. Murphy, “Matrix effect in bio-analysis of illicit drugs with LC-MS/MS: influence of ionization type, sample preparation, and biofluid,” Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1290–1294, 2003.
[25]
J. P. Clozel, G. Caillé, Y. Taeymans, P. Théroux, P. Biron, and J. G. Besner, “Improved gas chromatographic determination of diltiazem and deacetyldiltiazem in human plasma,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 207–209, 1984.
[26]
O. Grech-Belanger, E. Leboeuf, and S. Langlois, “A gas chromatographic method for the analysis of diltiazem in plasma,” Journal of Chromatography, vol. 417, no. 1, pp. 89–98, 1987.
[27]
R.T. Sane, M. Purandare, G. Nayak, et al., “Gas chromatographic determination of diltiazem hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals,” Indian Drugs, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 623–625, 1989.
[28]
M. Nishikawa, A. Ishii, K. Watanabe, H. Seno, T. Kumazawa, and O. Suzuki, “Determination of diltiazem in body fluids by gas chromatography with surface ionization detection,” Japanese Journal of Forensic Toxicology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 247–251, 1994.
[29]
H. R. Ochs and M. Knuchel, “Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of diltiazem in humans,” Klinische Wochenschrift, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 303–306, 1984.
[30]
M. M. Ayad, H. E. Abdellatef, M. M. Hosny, Y. A. Sharaf, et al., “Application of 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan for the analysis of propafenone and diltiazem hydrochlorides using kinetic spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods,” European Journal of Chemistry, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 35–43, 2013.
[31]
M. M. Hosny, “Spectrophotometric determination of diltiazem, fluphenazine and dothiepin hydrochlorides using chromotrope 2R and rose bengal,” Mansoura Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 64–77, 2004.
[32]
R. Bindu and A. K. Chandrasekharan, “Colorimetric determination of diltiazem hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations,” Indian Drugs, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 168–169, 1994.
[33]
R. Pietra？, D. Kowalczuk, and H. Hopka？a, “Comparison of classical and derivative UV-spectrophotometric methods for the quantification of diltiazem and mexiletine,” Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 315–320, 2004.
[34]
L. Z. L. Sabino, D. C. Marino, and H. D. Moya, “Determination of diltiazem based on the reduction of Cu(II)-BCA complexes in micellar medium,” Canadian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 533–539, 2010.
[35]
N. Rahman, S. N. H. Azmi, and Y. Ahmad, “Quantitation of diltiazem hydrochloride in commercial dosage forms by visible spectrophotometry,” Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, vol. 54, pp. 419–430, 2007.
[36]
J. M. M. Leit？oa and J. C. G. Esteves da Silva , “Factorial analysis optimization of a Diltiazem kinetic spectrophotometric quantification method,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 609, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2008.
[37]
N. Rahman and S. N. H. Azmi, “Spectrophotometric determination of diltiazem hydrochloride with sodium metavanadate,” Microchemical Journal, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 39–43, 2000.
[38]
M. M. Ayad, A. Shalaby, H. E. Abdellatef, and M. M. Hosny, “New colorimetric methods for the determination of trazodone HCl, famotidine, and diltiazem HCl in their pharmaceutical dosage forms,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 376, no. 5, pp. 710–714, 2003.
[39]
A. M. El-Didamony, “Indirect spectrophotometric determination of diltiazem hydrochloride in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations,” Central European Journal of Chemistry, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 520–536, 2005.
[40]
D. Zivanov-Stakic, D. Agbaba, S. Vladimirov, and L. J. Ciric, “Spectrophotometric determination of diltiazem in dosage forms,” Farmaco, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 393–396, 1992.
[41]
Y. K. Agrawal, K. Shivramachandra, and B. E. Rao, “Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of diltiazem in pharmaceutical preparations,” Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 218–221, 1992.
[42]
B. V. Kamath and K. Shivram, “Extractive spectrophotometric method for the determination of diltiazem hydrochloride in its dosage forms,” Indian Drugs, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 50–52, 1991.
[43]
B. V. Kamath, K. Shivram, and A. C. Shah, “Selective spectrophotometric determination of diltiazem hydrochloride in tablets,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 11, no. 4-5, pp. 407–409, 1993.
[44]
K. Sreedhar, C. S. P. Sastry, M. Narayana Reddy, and D. G. Sankar, “Extractive spectrophotometric determinations of diltiazem hydrochloride,” Indian Drugs, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 90–92, 1995.
[45]
N. Rahman and S. N. Hejaz-Azmi, “Extractive spectrophotometric methods for determination of diltiazem HCl in pharmaceutical formulations using bromothymol blue, bromophenol blue and bromocresol green,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 33–41, 2000.
[46]
H. A. Abu-Shadi, S. T. Hasib, H. H. Hassanein, and A. Abadi, “Spectrophotometric determination of some cardiovascular drugs,” Egyptian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 36, no. 1–6, pp. 393–405, 1995.
[47]
S. Dadashzadeh, A. Zarghi, and A. J. Ebrahimian, “Pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailability of two diltiazem tablet formulations in healthy volunteers,” Daru, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 14–18, 2003.
[48]
R. K. Gilpin and L. A. Pachla, “Pharmaceuticals and related drugs,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 73, no. 12, pp. 2805–2816, 2001.
[49]
A. M. Krstulovic and C. R. Lee, “Defining drug purity through chromatographic and related methods: current status and perspectives,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 689, no. 1, pp. 137–153, 1997.
[50]
R. Pravin Cumar, M. Vasudevan, and D. Raman, “RP-HPLC method development and validation for the estimation of diltiazem in bulk and tablet dosage forms,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 62–64, 2012.
[51]
N. Sultana, M. S. Arayne, N. Shafi, et al., “A validated method for the analysis of diltiazem in raw materials and pharmaceutical formulations by RP-HPLC,” Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 279–284, 2007.
[52]
A. S. Sidhu, J. M. Kennedy, and S. Deeble, “General method for the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography, vol. 391, no. 1, pp. 233–242, 1987.
[53]
P. M. Lacroix, N. Beaulieu, T. D. Cyr, and E. G. Lovering, “High-performance liquid chromatography method for assay of diltiazem hydrochloride and its related compounds in bulk drug and finished tablets,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 243–246, 1989.
[54]
D. Zendelovska, S. Simeska, S. Petrov, and P. Milosevski, “A sensitive method for determination of famotidine in human plasma by HPLC and its application for bioequivalence studies,” Acta Pharmaceutica, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 113–120, 2002.
[55]
D. Zendelovska, T. Stafilov, and S. Petrov, “Simultaneous quantification of cefaclor and cephalexine in blood plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection,” Acta Pharmaceutica, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 243–250, 2002.
[56]
D. Zendelovska, T. Stafilov, and M. Stefova, “Optimization of a solid-phase extraction method for determination of indapamide in biological fluids using high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 788, no. 1, pp. 199–206, 2003.
[57]
K. Li , X. Zhang, and F. Zhao, “HPLC determination of diltiazem in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetics in humans,” Biomedical Chromatography, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 522–525, 2003.
[58]
C. D. Kinney and J. G. Kelly, “Estimation of concentrations of diltiazem in plasma using normal-phase column liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 382, pp. 377–381, 1986.
[59]
R. S. Chaudhary, S. S. Gangwal, M. K. Avachat, Y. N. Shah, and K. C. Jindal, “Determination of diltiazem hydrochloride in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 614, no. 2, pp. 261–266, 1993.
[60]
B. H. Jensen and C. Larsen, “Quantitation of diltiazem in human plasma by HPLC using an end-capped reversed-phase column,” Acta Pharmaceutica Nordica, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 179–180, 1991.
[61]
M. Delwar Hussain, Y. K. Tam, B. A. Finegan, and R. T. Coutts, “Simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diltiazem and six of its metabolites in human plasma,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 582, no. 1-2, pp. 203–209, 1992.
[62]
C. Verghese, M. S. Smith, L. Aanonsen, E. L. Pritchett, and D. G. Shand, “High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of diltiazem and its metabolite in plasma,” Journal of Chromatography, vol. 272, no. 1, pp. 149–155, 1983.
[63]
K.-J. Goebel and E. U. Kolle, “High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of diltiazem and four of its metabolites in plasma. Application to pharmacokinetics,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 345, no. 2, pp. 355–363, 1985.
[64]
L. M. Dube, N. Mousseau, and I. J. McGilveray, “High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of diltiazem and four of its metabolites in plasma: evaluation of their stability,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 430, no. 1, pp. 103–111, 1988.
[65]
D. Paczkowski, R. Dabrowski, D. Sitkiewicz, and Z. Sadowski, “Analysis of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Polish Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 429–434, 1995.
[66]
G. Carignan, K. Carrier, S. Laganiere, and M. Lessard, “Simultaneous determination of diltiazem and quinidine in human plasma by liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 672, no. 2, pp. 261–269, 1995.
[67]
P. Scully, E. Meehan, and J. G. Kelly, “High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for diltiazem in small-volume blood specimens and application to pharmacokinetic studies in rats,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 729, no. 1-2, pp. 297–300, 1996.
[68]
D. R. Rutledge, A. H. Abadi, L. M. Lopez, and C. A. Beaudreau, “High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of diltiazem and two of its metabolites in plasma using a short alkyl chain silanol deactivated column,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 615, no. 1, pp. 111–116, 1993.
[69]
V. Ascalone and L. Dal Bo, “Automated high-performance liquid chromatographic and column-switching technique for on-line clean-up and analysis of diltiazem in human plasma,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 423, pp. 239–249, 1987.
[70]
F. Mangani, G. Luck, C. Fraudeau, and E. Vérette, “On-line column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of cardiovascular drugs in serum with automated sample clean-up and zone-cutting technique to perform chiral separation,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 762, no. 1-2, pp. 235–241, 1997.
[71]
P. Hubert, P. Chiap, and J. Crommen, “Automatic determination of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem in human plasma using liquid-solid extraction on disposable cartridges coupled to HPLC—Part I: optimization of the HPLC system and method validation,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 9, no. 10–12, pp. 877–882, 1991.
[72]
H. Christensen, E. Carlson, A. Asberg, L. Schram, and K. J. Berg, “A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography assay of diltiazem and main metabolites in renal transplanted patients,” Clinica Chimica Acta, vol. 283, no. 1-2, pp. 63–75, 1999.
[73]
V. Ascalone, M. Locatelli, and B. Malavasi, “Determination of diltiazem and its main metabolites in human plasma by automated solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography: a new method overcoming instability of the compounds and interference problems,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 657, no. 1, pp. 133–140, 1994.
[74]
D. Zendelovska, T. Stafilov, M. Stefova, et al., “High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of diltiazem in human plasma after solid-phase and liquid-liquid extraction,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 376, no. 6, pp. 848–853, 2003.
[75]
A. M. Rustum, “Determination of diltiazem in human whole blood and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using a polymeric reversed-phase column and utilizing a salting-out extraction procedure,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 490, no. 2, pp. 365–375, 1989.
[76]
R. Boulieu, J. L. Bonnefous, and S. Ferry, “Determination of diltiazem and its metabolites in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 291–301, 1990.
[77]
A. Zarghi, S. Dadashzadeh, and A. J. Ebrahimian, “HPLC quantification of diltiazem in plasma from man,” Pharmacy and Pharmacology Communications, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 341–343, 2000.
[78]
M. Parissi-Poulou, G. Ismailos, and P. Macheras, “Modified HPLC analysis of diltiazem in plasma for pharmacokinetic studies,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 62, no. 2-3, pp. R13–R16, 1990.
[79]
P. K. F. Yeung, T. J. Montague, B. Tsui, and C. McGregor, “High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of diltiazem and six of its metabolites in plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 78, no. 7, pp. 592–597, 1989.
[80]
N. Sultana, M. S. Arayne, N. Shafi, F. A. Siddiqui, and A. Hussain, “Development of a RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of diltiazem and statin: application in pharmaceuticals and human serum,” Analytical Methods, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 1571–1576, 2010.
[81]
A. S. Kulkarni, S. D. Jadhav, S. S. Khetmar, and M. S. Bhatia, “Development of chromatographic technique for simultaneous estimation of lovastatin and diltiazem hydrochloride,” Mahidol University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 39, no. 3-4, pp. 17–23, 2012.
[82]
N. Sultana, M. S. Arayne, N. Shafi, F. A. Siddiqui, and A. Hussain, “Development and validation of new assay method for the simultaneous analysis of diltiazem, metformin, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone by RP-HPLC and its applications in pharmaceuticals and human serum,” Journal of Chromatographic Science, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 774–779, 2011.
[83]
N. Sultana, M. S. Arayne, N. Shafi, and F. A. Siddiqui, “Simultaneous RP-LC analysis of diltiazem and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and human serum,” Chromatographia, vol. 71, no. 1-2, pp. 71–77, 2010.
[84]
N. Sultana, M. S. Arayne, N. Shafi, N. Asia, S. Naz, and H. Shamshad, “A RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of diltiazem and quinolones in bulk, formulations and human serum,” Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 358–362, 2009.
[85]
S. Naz, N. Sultana, M. S. Arayne, and N. Shafi, “Simultaneous determination of prazosin and calcium chanel blockers in raw materials, pharmaceutical formulations and human serum by RP-HPLC,” International Journal of Pharma research and Development, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 6–10, 2010.
[86]
N. Sultana, M. S. Arayne, and N. Shafi, “In vitro interaction studies of diltiazem with H2 receptor antagonists,” Medicinal Chemistry Research, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 698–716, 2010.
[87]
L. Jianchun, “RP-HPLC determination of diltiazem in plasma and pharmacokinetic parameter,” pp. 12–15, 1992.
[88]
C. Giachetti, P. Poletti, and G. Zanolo, “Analysis of calcium blocker drugs in plasma, HRGC and HPLC analytical conditions for pharmacokinetic studies,” Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 654–658, 1987.
[89]
K. Li, X. Zhang, Y. Yuan, N. Luo, and L. Tan, “HPLC determination of diltiazem in human serum and its pharmacokinetic parameters,” Chinese Journal of Chromatography, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 451–453, 1997.
[90]
R. Shimizu, K. Ishii, N. Tsumagari, M. Tanigawa, M. Matsumoto, and I. T. Harrison, “Determination of optical isomers in diltiazem hydrochloride by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 253, no. 1, pp. 101–108, 1982.
[91]
G. Rosell, A. Camacho, and P. Parra, “Direct enantiomeric separation of cis-(±)diltiazem in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ovomucoid column,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 619, no. 1, pp. 87–92, 1993.
[92]
M. Shah, L. Sandler, V. Rai, C. Sharma, and L. Raghavan, “Quality of compounded topical 2% diltiazem hydrochloride formulations for anal fissure,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 19, no. 34, pp. 5645–5650, 2013.
[93]
K. Yaku, A. Keiichi, N. Nishimura, S. Tadashi, and F. Morishita, Supercritical Fluid Methods and Protocols, vol. 13 of Methods in Biotechnology, Humana Press, New York, NY, USA, 2000.
[94]
I. Kazuhiro, M. Kenjirou, N. Noriyuki, M. Takaaki, and S. Tadashi, “Direct chromatographic resolution of four optical isomers of diltiazem hydrochloride on a chiralcel of column,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 686, no. 1, pp. 93–100, 1994.
[95]
H. Nishi, N. Fujimura, H. Yamaguchi, and T. Fukuyama, “Direct high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of diltiazem hydrochloride and its 8-chloro derivative on a chiral ovomucoid column,” Journal of Chromatography, vol. 633, no. 1-2, pp. 89–96, 1993.
[96]
R. Shimizu, T. Kakimoto, I. Kazuhiro, Y. Fujimoto, H. Nishi, and N. Tsumagari, “New derivatization reagent for the resolution of optical isomers in diltiazem hydrochloride by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 357, no. 1, pp. 119–125, 1986.
[97]
R. K. Bhamra, A. E. Ward, and W. Holt, “HPLC measurement of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem in serum or plasma,” Biomedical Chromatography, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 180–182, 1987.
[98]
H. Zhao and M. S. Chow, “Analysis of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem in plasma using modified high-performance liquid chromatography: improved sensitivity and reproducibility,” Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 428–430, 1989.
[99]
V. Ascalone and L. Flaminio, “Automated high-performance liquid chromatography with column switching for on-line clean-up and analysis of diltiazem and metabolites in human plasma,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 495, pp. 358–360, 1989.
[100]
R. Boulieu, J. L. Bonnefous, and S. Ferry, “Solid-phase extraction of diltiazem and its metabolites from plasma prior to high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 528, no. 2, pp. 542–546, 1990.
[101]
K. E. Johnsona and J. A. Piepera, “An HPLC method for the determination of diltiazem and three of its metabolites in serum,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 951–960, 1990.
[102]
A. Leneveu, A. Stheneur, A. Bousquet, and A. Roux, “Automated high-performance liquid chromatographic technique for determining diltiazem and its three main metabolites in serum,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography, vol. 14, no. 19, pp. 3519–3530, 1991.
[103]
R. E. Wiens, D. J. Runser, J. P. Lacz, and D. C. Dimmitt, “Quantitation of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem in dog plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 688–689, 1984.
[104]
D. R. Abernethy, J. B. Schwartz, and E. L. Todd, “Diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem analysis in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography: improved sensitivity without derivatization,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 342, no. 1, pp. 216–220, 1985.
[105]
D. Marini, G. Pollino, and F. Balestrieri, “Ditiazem: purification from related substances, and HPLC determination,” Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico, vol. 124, no. 3, pp. 138–145, 1985.
[106]
S. C. Montamat, D. R. Abernethy, J. R. Mitchell, et al., “High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of diltiazem and its major metabolites, N-monodemethyldiltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem, in plasma,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 415, no. 1, pp. 203–207, 1987.
[107]
P. H？glund and L. G. Nilsson, “Liquid chromatographic determination of diltiazem and its metabolites using trans isomers as internal standards, with dynamic modification of the solid phase by addition of an amine to the mobile phase,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 414, no. 1, pp. 109–120, 1987.
[108]
K. J. Goebel and E. U. Koelle, “High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of diltiazem and four of its metabolites in plasma: application to pharmacokinetics,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 345, no. 2, pp. 355–363, 1985.
[109]
L. T. Malaya, V. M. Brovkovich, and G. V. Andrievskii, “Analysis of diltiazem and its metabolites by HPLC and mass spectrometry,” Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 535–537, 1990.
[110]
F. F. T. Ververs, H. G. Schaefer, J. F. Lefeevre, L. M. Lopez, and H. Derendorf, “Simultaneous assay of propranolol, diltiazem and metabolites of diltiazem in human plasma by liquid chromatography,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 535–539, 1990.
[111]
A. Tracqui, P. Kintz, and P. Mangin, “HPLC/MS determination of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in biological fluids and hair samples,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 111–114, 1997.
[112]
Y. H. Lee, C. K. Shim, M. H. Lee, and S. K. Kim, “HPLC determination of diltiazem and deacetyldiltiazem in rat plasma,” Journal of Korean Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 317–321, 1992.
[113]
B. Dasandi, S. Shah, and S. Shivprakash, “Development and validation of a high throughput and robust LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization method for simultaneous quantitation of diltiazem and its two metabolites in human plasma: application to a bioequivalence study,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 877, no. 8-9, pp. 791–798, 2009.
[114]
A. R. Zoest, C. T. Hung, and S. Wanwimolruk, “Diltiazem: a sensitive HPLC assay and application to pharmacokinetic study,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1277–1287, 1992.
[115]
I. A. Darwish, S. A. Hussein, A. M. Mahmoud, and A. I. Hassan, “A sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of H2-receptor antagonists by means of N-bromosuccinimide and p-aminophenol,” Acta Pharmaceutica, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 87–97, 2008.
[116]
I. A. Darwish, S. A. Hussein, A. M. Mahmoud, and A.I. Hassan, “Spectrophotometric determination of H2-receptor antagonists via their oxidation with cerium(IV),” Spectrochimica Acta A, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 33–40, 2008.
[117]
M. S. Garcia, M. I. Albero, C. Sánchez-Pedre？o, and M. S. Abuherba, “Spectrophotometric determination of cimetidine in pharmaceuticals and urine using batch and flow-injection methods,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 32, no. 4-5, pp. 1003–1010, 2003.
[118]
M. S. Garcia, M. I. Albero, C. Sánchez-Pedre？o, and M. S. Abuherba, “Spectrophotometric determination of cimetidine in pharmaceuticals and urine using batch and flow-injection methods,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 32, no. 4-5, pp. 1003–1010, 2003.
[119]
K. M. Kelani, A. M. Aziz, M. A. Hegazy, and L. A. Fattah, “Different spectrophotometric methods for the determination of cimetidine, ranitidine hydrochloride, and famotidine,” Spectroscopy Letters, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 543–563, 2002.
[120]
T. Imamura, T. Nagata, K. Kuddo, K. Kimura, and M. Noda, “Sensitive detection and determination of cimetidine in human tissues with high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 534, pp. 253–259, 1990.
[121]
P. Betto, E. Ciranni-Signoretti, and R. Di Fava, “Determination of cimetidine and related impurities in pharmaceutical formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography, vol. 586, no. 1, pp. 149–152, 1991.
[122]
R. Chiou, R. J. Stubbs, and W. F. Bayne, “Determination of cimetidine in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 377, pp. 441–446, 1986.
[123]
D. R. P. Guay, H. N. Bockbrader, and G. R. Matzke, “High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cimetidine in serum and urine,” Journal of Chromatography, vol. 228, pp. 398–403, 1982.
[124]
M. G. Kunitani, D. A. Johnson, R. A. Upton, and S. Riegelman, “Convenient and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography assay for cimetidine in plasma or urine,” Journal of Chromatography, vol. 224, no. 1, pp. 156–161, 1981.
[125]
V. Nitsche and H. Mascher, Journal of Chromatography, vol. 237, pp. 449–452, 1983.
[126]
J. S. Kaka, “Rapid method for cimetidine and ranitidine determination in human and rat plasma by HPLC,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography, vol. 11, no. 16, pp. 3447–3456, 1988.
[127]
A. M. Rustam, “Estimation of cyclosporin-A in whole blood by simple and rapid reversed-phase HPLC utilizing a salting-out extraction procedure,” Journal of Chromatographic Science, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 594–598, 1990.
[128]
A. M. Rustum and N. E. Hoffman, “Liquid chromatographic determination of cimetidine in whole blood and plasma by using short polymeric reverse phase column,” Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 519–522, 1988.
[129]
E. G. Lovering and N. M. Curran, “High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cimetidine and related compounds (raw material and tablets),” Journal of Chromatography, vol. 319, no. 2, pp. 235–240, 1985.
[130]
H. A. Strong and M. Spino, “Highly sensitive determination of cimetidine and its metabolites in serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 422, pp. 301–308, 1987.
[131]
W. C. Randolph, V. L. Osborne, S. S. Walkenstein, and A. P. Intoccia, “High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of cimetidine, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, in blood and urine,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 1148–1150, 1977.
[132]
G. W. Mihaly, S. Cockbain, D. B. Jones, R. G. Hanson, and R. A. Smallwood, “High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of cimetidine in plasma and urine,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 590–592, 1982.
[133]
J. A. Ziemniak, D. A. Chiarmonte, and J. J. Schentag, “Liquid-chromatographic determination of cimetidine, its known metabolites, and creatinine in serum and urine,” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 272–275, 1981.
[134]
Q. Lin, G. L. Lensmeyer, and F. C. Larson, “Quantitation of cimetidine and cimetidine sulfoxide in serum by solid-phase extraction and solvent-recycled liquid chromatography,” Journal of Analytical Toxicology, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 161–166, 1985.
[135]
B. Lorenzo and D. E. Drayer, “Improved method for the measurement of cimetidine in human serum by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography,” Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 545–550, 1981.
[136]
S. J. Soldin, D. R. Fingold, P. C. Fenje, and W. A. Mahon, “High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cimetidine in serum,” Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 371–379, 1979.
[137]
M. T. Kelly, D. McGuirk, and F. J. Bloomfield, “Determination of cimetidine inhuman plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography following liquid-liquid extraction,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 668, no. 1, pp. 117–123, 1995.
[138]
K. Xu, V. K. Arora, A. K. Chaudhary, R. B. Cotton, and I. A. Blair, “Quantitative analysis of cimetidine in human plasma using LC/APCI/SRM/MS,” Biomedical Chromatography, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 455–461, 1999.
[139]
M. Abdel-Rahim, D. Ezra, C. Peck, and J. Lazar, “Liquid-chromatographic assay of cimetidine in plasma and gastric fluid,” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 621–623, 1985.
[140]
J. Hempenius, J. Wieling, J. P. G. Brakenhoff, F. A. Maris, and J. H. G. Jonkman, “High-throughput solid-phase extraction for the determination of cimetidine in human plasma,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 714, no. 2, pp. 361–368, 1998.
[141]
G. W. Mihaly, S. Cockbain, D. B. Jones, R. G. Hanson, and R. A. Smallwood, “High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of cimetidine in plasma and urine,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 590–592, 1982.
[142]
W. C. Randolph, R. C. Heel, T. M. Speight, and G. S. Avery, “High-pressure liquid chromatographie analysis of cimetidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, in blood and urine,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 1148–1150, 1977.
[143]
N. E. Larsen, P. Hesselfeldt, S. J. Rune, and E. F. Havidberg, “Cimetidine assay in human plasma by liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 163, no. 1, pp. 57–63, 1979.
[144]
M. Kozma and L. Vereczkey, “Rapid method for determination of cimetidine in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography using extrelut extraction,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 273, no. 1, pp. 223–227, 1983.
[145]
E. Jantratid, S. Prakongpan, J. P. Foley, J. B. Dressman, and J. B. Dressman, “Convenient and rapid determination of cimetidine in human plasma using perchloric acid-mediated plasma protein precipitation and high-performance liquid chromatography,” Biomedical Chromatography, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 949–957, 2007.
[146]
T. Iqbal, C. S. Karyekar, M. Kinjo, G. C. Ngan, and T. C. Dowling, “Validation of a simplified method for determination of cimetidine in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 799, no. 2, pp. 337–341, 2004.
[147]
J. A. Apffel, U. A. Th. Brinkman, R. W. Frei, et al., “Analysis of cimetidine in biological fluids by high performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 2413–2422, 1982.
[148]
L. Dong-Sun, K. Kyung-Hee, and S. Hee-Soo, “Determination of cimetidine in human urine by column switching HPLC with UV-detection,” Bulletin of the Korean Society, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 77–196, 1995.
[149]
Y. Gomita, M. Nanba, K. Furono, K. Eto, and Y. Araki, “Microdetermination of cimetidine in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 89–93, 1989.
[150]
S. Pillai and I. Singhvi, “Spectrophotometric simultaneous estimation of ranitidine hydrochloride and ondansetron hydrochloride from tablet formulation,” Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 601–604, 2007.
[151]
E. M. Hassan and F. Belal, “Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of nizatidine and ranitidine in pharmaceutical preparations,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 27, no. 1-2, pp. 31–38, 2002.
[152]
M. I. Walash, F. Belal, F. Ibrahim, M. Hefnawy, and M. Eid, “Kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of ranitidine and nizatidine in pharmaceuticals,” Journal of AOAC International, vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 1316–1323, 2002.
[153]
D. Dumanovi？, I. Jurani？, D. Dzeletovi？, V. M. Vasi？, and J. Jovanovi？, “Protolytic constants of nizatidine, ranitidine and N,N′-dimethyl-2-nitro-1,1-ethenediamine; spectrophotometric and theoretical investigation,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1667–1678, 1997.
[154]
K. Basavaiah and P. Nagegowda, “Determination of ranitidine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations by titrimetry and visible spectrophotometry using bromate and acid dyes,” Farmaco, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 147–153, 2004.
[155]
M. Walash, M. Sharaf-El Din, M. E.-S. Metwalli, and M. RedaShabana, “Spectrophotometric determination of nizatidine and ranitidine through charge transfer complex formation,” Archives of Pharmacal Research, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 720–726, 2004.
[156]
S. Al-Ghannam and F. Belal, “Spectrophotometric determination of three anti-ulcer drugs through charge-transfer complexation,” Journal of AOAC International, vol. 85, no. 5, pp. 1003–1008, 2002.
[157]
A. M. Rustum, A. Rahman, and N. E. Hoffman, “High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ranitidine in whole blood and plasma by using a short polymeric column,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 421, no. 2, pp. 418–424, 1987.
[158]
G. W. Mihaly, O. H. Drummer, A. Marshall, R. A. Smallwood, and W. J. Louis, “High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of ranitidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, in plasma and urine,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 1155–1157, 1980.
[159]
A. M. Rustum, A. Rahman, and N. E. Hoffman, “High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ranitidine in whole blood and plasma by using a short polymeric column,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 421, no. 2, pp. 418–424, 1987.
[160]
A. Ahmadiani and H. Amini, “Rapid determination of ranitidine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography without solvent extraction,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 751, no. 2, pp. 291–296, 2001.
[161]
G. Mullersman and H. Derendorf, “Rapid analysis of ranitidine in biological fluids and determination of its erythrocyte partitioning,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 381, no. 2, pp. 385–391, 1986.
[162]
C. F. Wong, K. K. Peh, and K. H. Yuen, “Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ranitidine in human plasma,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 718, no. 1, pp. 205–210, 1998.
[163]
P. F. Carey, L. E. Martin, and P. E. Owen, “Determination of ranitidine and its metabolites in human urine by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 225, no. 1, pp. 161–168, 1981.
[164]
T. Prueksaritanont, N. Sittichai, S. Prueksaritanont, and R. Vongsaroj, “Simultaneous determination of ranitidine and its metabolites in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 490, no. 1, pp. 175–185, 1989.
[165]
D. Farthing, K. L. R. Brouwer, I. Fakhry, and D. Sica, “Solid-phase extraction and determination of ranitidine in human plasma by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method utilizing midbore chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 688, no. 2, pp. 350–353, 1997.
[166]
T. L. Lloyd, T. B. Perschy, A. E. Gooding, and J. J. Tomlinson, “Robotic solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ranitidine in serum or plasma,” Biomedical Chromatography, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 311–316, 1992.
[167]
H. T. Karnes, K. Opong-Mensah, D. Farthing, and L. A. Beightol, “Automated solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ranitidine from urine, plasma and peritoneal dialysate,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 422, pp. 165–173, 1987.
[168]
C. F. Wong, K. K. Peh, and K. H. Yuen, “Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ranitidine in human plasma,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 718, no. 1, pp. 205–210, 1998.
[169]
C. López-Calull, L. García-Capdevila, C. Arroyo, and J. Bonal, “Simple and robust high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ranitidine in microvolumes of human serum,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 693, no. 1, pp. 228–232, 1997.
[170]
M. S. Salem, A. M. Gharaiebeh, H. N. Alkaysi, and A. Badwan, “High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of ranitidine in plasma and urine,” Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 351–357, 1988.
[171]
D. Farthing, K. L. R. Brouwer, I. Fakhry, and D. Sica, “Solid-phase extraction and determination of ranitidine in human plasma by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method utilizing midbore chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 688, no. 2, pp. 350–353, 1997.
[172]
T. Prueksaritanont, N. Sittichai, S. Prueksaritanont, and R. Vongsaroj, “Simultaneous determination of ranitidine and its metabolites in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 490, no. 1, pp. 175–185, 1989.
[173]
A. Rahman, N. E. Hoffman, and A. M. Rustum, “Determination of ranitidine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 747–753, 1989.
[174]
P. Vi？as, N. Campillo, C. López-Erroz, and M. Hernández-Córdoba, “Use of post-column fluorescence derivatization to develop a liquid chromatographic assay for ranitidine and its metabolites in biological fluids,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 693, no. 2, pp. 443–449, 1997.
[175]
M. S. Lant, L. E. Martin, and J. Oxford, “Qualitative and quantitative analysis of ranitidine and its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,” Journal of Chromatography, vol. 323, no. 1, pp. 143–152, 1985.
[176]
M. X. Kokoletsi, S. Kafkala, and M. Tsiaganis, “A novel gradient HPLC method for simultaneous determination of ranitidine, methylparaben and propylparaben in oral liquid pharmaceutical formulation,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 763–767, 2005.
[177]
A. S. Amin, S. A. Shama, I. S. Ahmed, and E. A. Gouda, “Spectrophotometric determination of famotidine through oxidation with N-bromosuccinimide and cerric sulphate,” Analytical Letters, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 1851–1862, 2002.
[178]
P. D. Tzanavaras, A. Verdoukas, and T. Balloma, “Optimization and validation of a dissolution test for famotidine tablets using flow injection analysis,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 437–441, 2006.
[179]
A. K. S. Ahmad, M. A. Kawy, and M. Nebsen, “Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determination of famotidine and ranitidine using 1,4-benzoquinone reagent,” Analytical Letters, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1403–1419, 1999.
[180]
Y. K. Agrawal, K. Shivramchandra, G. N. Singh, and B. E. Rao, “Spectrophotometric determination of famotidine in pharmaceutical preparations,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 521–523, 1992.
[181]
N. Rahman and M. Kashif, “Application of ninhydrin to spectrophotometric determination of famotidine in drug formulations,” Farmaco, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 1045–1050, 2003.
[182]
H. A. Mohamad, “Spectrophotometric determination of famotidine using p-chloranilic acid,” Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Assiut University), vol. 23, no. 223, pp. 157–163, 2000.
[183]
B. V. Kamath, K. Shivram, and S. Vangani, “Spectrophotometry determination of famotidine by charge transfer complexation,” Analytical Letters, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2239–2247, 1992.
[184]
El-Yazbi and A. Fawzy, “Second-derivative spectrophotometric determination of famotidine,” Spectroscopy Letters, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1011–1021, 1992.
[185]
A. Z. Abu Zuhri, R. M. Shubietah, and G. M. Badah, “Extractional-spectrophotometric determination of famotidine in pharmaceutical formulations,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 459–465, 1999.
[186]
S. M. Blaih, F. A. El-Yazbi, and E. M. Hassan, “Spectrophotometric and titrimetric methods for the determination of famotidine in dosage form,” S.T.P. Pharma Sciences, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 492–494, 1994.
[187]
S. Raghuveer, C. M. R. Srivastava, and D. K. Vatsa, “Spectrophotometric determination of famotidine in its dosage forms,” Indian Drugs, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 320–322, 1992.
[188]
H. Maurer, “Chromatography of histamine H1- and H2-receptor blockers in biosamples,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 531, pp. 369–405, 1990.
[189]
B. Carkir, A. Tosun, and M. Sahin, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 3, pp. 493–496, 1997.
[190]
M. Campanero, I. Bueno, M. Arangoa, et al., “Improved selectivity in detection of polar basic drugs by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: illustration using an assay method for the determination of famotidine in human plasma,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 763, no. 1-2, pp. 21–33, 2001.
[191]
T. C. Dowling and R. F. Frye, “Determination of famotidine in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 732, no. 1, pp. 239–243, 1999.
[192]
A. Zoest, S. Wanwimoluk, and C. Hung, “Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of famotidine in plasma: application to pharmacokinetic study,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 572, no. 1-2, pp. 227–238, 1991.
[193]
S. Singh, S. Kumar, N. Sharda, and A. K. Chakraborti, “New findings on degradation of famotidine under basic conditions: Identification of a hitherto unknown degradation product and the condition for obtaining the propionamide intermediate in pure form,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 253–257, 2002.
[194]
Z. De？im and I. A？abeyo？lu, “Nonisothermal stability tests of famotidine and nizatidine,” Il Farmaco, vol. 729, no. 9, pp. 729–735, 2002.
[195]
M. S. Suleiman, H. Y. Muti, M. E. Abdel-Hamid, M. Hassan, Y. M. El-Sayed, and N. M. Najib, “A stability-indicating HPLC analysis of famotidine and its application to kinetic studies,” Analytical Letters, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1499–1512, 1989.
[196]
G. Junnarkar and S. Stavchansky, “Thermal degradation of famotidine in aqueous solution stability indicating assay,” Analytical Letters, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1907–1913, 1992.
[197]
S. E. Biffar and D. J. Mazzo, “Reversed-phase determination of famotidine, potential degradates, and preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography using silica as a stationary phase,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 363, no. 2, pp. 243–249, 1986.
[198]
S. Husain, S. Khalid, V. Nagaraju, and N. R. Rao, “High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and determination of small amounts of process impurities of famotidine in bulk drugs and formulations,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 743, no. 2, pp. 328–334, 1996.
[199]
X.-Z. Qin, D. P. Ip, K. H.-C. Chang, P. M. Dradransky, M. A. Brooks, and T. Sakuma, “Pharmaceutical application of LC-MS. 1—characterization of a famotidine degradates in a package screening study by LC-APCI MS,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 221–233, 1994.
[200]
W. C. Vincek, M. L. Constanzer, G. A. Hessey II, and W. F. Bayne, “Analytical method for the quantification of famotidine, an H2-receptor blocker, in plasma and urine,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 338, pp. 438–443, 1985.
[201]
L. Cvitkovi？, L. Zupan？i？-Kralj, and J. Marsel, “Determination of famotidine in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 207–210, 1991.
[202]
S. Wanwimolruk, A. R. Zoest, S. Z. Wanwimolruk, and C. T. Hung, “Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of famotidine in plasma. Application to pharmacokinetic study,” Journal of Chromatography B, vol. 572, no. 1-2, pp. 227–238, 1991.
[203]
Y. Imai and S.-I. Kobayashi, “A simple method for the quantification of famotidine in human plasma and urine by paired-ion high performance liquid chromatography,” Biomedical Chromatography, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 222–223, 1992.
[204]
P. Guo, L. M. Ye, B. Lu, Y. J. He, and Z. W. Li, “Direct injection of plasma to determine famotidine in plasma using HPLC column switching technique,” Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 622–625, 1990.
[205]
L. Zhong and K. C. Yeh, “Determination of famotidine in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with column switching,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1051–1057, 1998.
[206]
N. Helali, F. Darghouth, and L. Monser, “RP-HPLC determination of famotidine and its potential impurities in pharmaceuticals,” Chromatographia, vol. 60, no. 7-8, pp. 455–460, 2004.
[207]
G. Carlucci, P. Mazzeo, C. Vetuschi, and E. Di Giuseppe, “Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic and derivative UV spectrophotometric determination of famotidine in pharmaceutical preparations,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 102, no. 1–3, pp. 271–274, 1994.
[208]
A. Zarghi, A. Shafaati, S. M. Foroutan, and A. Khoddam, “Development of a rapid HPLC method for determination of famotidine in human plasma using a monolithic column,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 39, no. 3-4, pp. 677–680, 2005.
[209]
B. V. Kamath, K. Shivram, B. L. Newalkar, and A. C. Shah, “Liquid chromatographic analysis and degradation kinetics of famotidine,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1007–1014, 1993.
[210]
N. Helali and L. Monser, “Stability indicating method for famotidine in pharmaceuticals using porous graphitic carbon column,” Journal of Separation Science, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 276–282, 2008.
[211]
N. Sultana, M. S. Arayne, S. Shamim, and A. Naz, “Validated method for the simultaneous determination of gemifloxacin and H2-receptor antagonists in bulk, pharmaceutical formulations and human serum by RP-HPLC; in-vitro applications,” Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 629–636, 2011.
[212]
S. Naveed, N. Sultana, M. S. Arayne, et al., “Simultaneous determination of lisinopril and H2 antagonists in API, formulations and human serum by using two different HPLC systems,” Medicinal Chemistry Research, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 4037–4042, 2012.
[213]
N. Sultan, S. Naveed, and M. S. Arayne, “RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of captopril and H2-receptor antagonist: application to interaction studies,” Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 183–187, 2013.
[214]
M. S. Arayne, N. Sultana, M. H. Zuberi, and F. A. Siddiqui, “Simultaneous determination of metformin, cimetidine, famotidine, and ranitidine in human serum and dosage formulations using HPLC with UV detection,” Journal of Chromatographic Science, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 721–725, 2010.
[215]
S. Najma, M. S. Arayne, S. Naz, et al., “Simultaneous determination of prazosin and H2 receptor antagonists from bulk materials, pharmaceutical formulations and human serum by RP-HPLC,” Inventi Impact, vol. 2010, article Inventi:paqa/37/10, 2010.
[216]
N. Sultana, M. Saeed Arayne, S. Gul, M. Akhtar, and S. Shamim, “Simultaneous determination of sparfloxacin and commonly used H2 receptor antagonists by RP-HPLC: application to in vitro drug interactions,” Medicinal Chemistry Research, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 974–982, 2012.
[217]
C. HO, H.-M. Huang, S.-Y. Hsu, C.-Y. Shaw, and B.-L. Chang, “Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for famotidine, ranitidine HCl, cimetidine, and nizatidine in commercial products,” Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 379–385, 1999.
[218]
D. Zendelovska and T. Stafilov, “Development of an HPLC method for the determination of ranitidine and cimetidine in human plasma following SPE,” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 165–173, 2003.
