Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Polyamines, and Phenols in Hardwood Cuttings of Recalcitrant-to-Root Wild Grapes Native to East Asia: Vitis davidii and Vitis kiusiana
Levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), free, conjugated, and bound polyamines (PAs), and phenols were estimated in the basal portion of hardwood cuttings of Vitis davidii and V. kiusiana in relation to rooting and compared with Vitis labruscana Bailey cv. Campbell Early. A high rate of root formation was observed in ‘Campbell Early’ cuttings 60 days after planting. However, none of the V. davidii and V. kiusiana cuttings formed roots. An increase in IAA contents was observed in ‘Campbell Early’ cuttings, but not in V. davidii and V. kiusiana, 60 days after planting. The content of free, conjugated, and bound PAs was either constant or decreased in ‘Campbell Early’ cuttings during planting and was especially decreased in conjugated putrescine and spermidine. An increase in free and conjugated putrescine was observed after planting in V. kiusiana cuttings. In the cuttings of V. davidii, only bound spermine increased after planting. The content of total phenols, orthodiphenols, total catechins, and gallocatechin derivatives decreased after planting in ‘Campbell Early’ cuttings. Orthodiphenols and total catechin contents increased in the cuttings of V. kiusiana, and gallocatechin derivatives increased in V. davidii. The relationships between these endogenous factors and the recalcitrant-to-root features of V. davidii and V. kiusiana cuttings are discussed. 1. Introduction Vitis kiusiana Momiyama and V. davidii (Roman.) Fo？x are dioecious wild grapes native to East Asia; the former habitat is to the southern region of Kyushu, Japan, and the latter is to a southern region from the Yellow River, China. V. kiusiana and V. davidii have glandular hair and aculei, respectively, on their canes. The mature berry size of V. kiusiana is around 11？mm in diameter, which is relatively large for species of wild grapes native to Japan. V. davidii bears larger berries (around 16？mm) than V. kiusiana. The mature leaf size of V. kiusiana (ca 100？cm2) is relatively small in comparison with other grape cultivars (e.g., ‘Campbell Early’ is ca 198？cm2). In contrast, V. davidii is larger (ca 280？cm2). Although the leaf sizes of V. davidii and V. kiusiana are very different, their mature leaves are both cordate in shape. Galet [1], who developed a system for identifying grape varieties based on the shape of leaves and other organs, described that the deeper are the lobes of a mature grape leaf, the more evolved is the grape species. Therefore, V. kiusiana and V. davidii seem to be more primitive species of the wild grapes native to East Asia. Efficient propagation methods,
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