Objective. Despite considerable study, the relevance of leptin and adiponectin for atherosclerosis development is still unsettled. We investigated relations of serum leptin and adiponectin to serum C-reactive protein (CRP), using the INTERLIPID dataset on Japanese emigrants living in Hawaii and Japanese in Japan. Design and Methods. Serum leptin, adiponectin, and CRP were measured by standardized methods in men and women of ages 40 to 59 years from two population samples, one Japanese-American in Hawaii (83 men, 89 women) and the other Japanese in central Japan (111 men, 104 women). Participants with CRP >10？mg/L were excluded. Results. Sex-specific multiple linear regression analyses, with log-transformed leptin and adiponectin (log-leptin, log-adipo), site (Hawaii = 1, Japan = 0), SBP, HbA1c, smoking (cigarettes/day), and physical activity index score of the Framingham Offspring Study as covariates, showed that log-leptin directly related and log-adipo inversely related to log-CRP for both sexes ( s < 0.05 to <0.01). Addition to the model of BMI and interaction terms (BMI × log-leptin, BMI × log-adipo, SITE × log-leptin, SITE × log-adipo) resulted in disappearance of statistical significance except for direct relation of log-leptin to log-CRP in men ( ). Conclusions. Leptin directly related to CRP independent of BMI and other confounding factors in men but not in women. 1. Introduction Recent advances have illuminated the role of inflammation and underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms in atherogenesis [1]. C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, has been recognized as an indicator of atherosclerotic and cardiovascular risk [2]. Leptin and adiponectin, secreted by adipose tissue, represent the most abundant adipokines in human serum [3–7]. Recent studies have implicated leptin as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases independent of traditional risk factors [5]. Adiponectin, on the other hand, may have anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, and antidiabetic properties [8, 9]. Lower serum adiponectin concentrations are reported to be associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk [10]. As to the relationship between these adipocytokines and CRP direct association of leptin with CRP, and inverse association of adiponectin with CRP have been reported [11–14]. Adjustment for BMI or other obesity measures was done in these previous studies; interaction terms between adipocytokines and obesity measure were not reported. INTERLIPID, an ancillary study of the International Study of Macro/micronutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP),
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