A new azimuthally stable polarimetric technique processing microscopic images of optically anisotropic structures of biological tissues histological sections is proposed. It has been used as a generalized model of phase anisotropy definition of biological tissues by using superposition of Mueller matrices of linear birefringence and optical activity. The matrix element has been chosen as the main information parameter, whose value is independent of the rotation angle of both sample and probing beam polarization plane. For the first time, the technique of concerted spatial-frequency filtration has been used in order to separate the manifestation of linear birefringence and optical activity. Thereupon, the method of azimuthally stable spatial-frequency cartography of biological tissues histological sections has been elaborated. As the analyzing tool, complex statistic, correlation, and fractal analysis of coordinate distributions of element has been performed. The possibility of using the biopsy of the uterine wall tissue in order to differentiate benign (fibromyoma) and malignant (adenocarcinoma) conditions has been estimated. 1. Introduction The state of the art in medical science demands from the experts not only certain practical skills but also knowledge of general pathologic processes, their nomenclature and definitions, causes, pathogenesis, and results as well as their importance for human. The pathologic processes on a cellular and tissue level can be detected by means of light microscope. Samples preparation for microscopic investigations is a complex process that involves degradation of image quality of histological samples. In order to overcome the problems connected with image deformation (artifacts), the high professionalism and complex chore are necessary for results correction. The usage of computing for the mentioned tasks allows facilitating the work with medical images. The methods and algorithms of objects isolation in the microscopic images—segmentation of histological objects in grayscale and color images—are mainly developing at present time. The algorithms of segmentation of extended (vessels, fibers) and areal (cells and their structures) objects are being elaborated [1–8]. A new medical-physical method, namely, laser polarimetry of biological tissues histological sections, becomes an extension and an addition to the techniques of microscopic images structure processing [9–11]. The background of such method consists in measurements of coordinate distributions of polarization states (polarization maps) in the plane of microscopic
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