Malignancy with liver metastasis plays an important role in daily oncology practice, especially for primary cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatopancreatobiliary system. On account of the dual vascular supply system and the fact that most metastatic liver tumors are supplied by the hepatic artery, hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) is an appealing method for the treatment of liver metastases. Herein, we summarize recent study results reported in the literature regarding the use of HAIC for metastatic liver tumors, with special focus on colorectal cancer. 1. Introduction Malignancy with liver metastasis plays an important role in daily oncology practice, especially for primary cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and hepatopancreatobiliary system [1]. The liver is commonly the first site of distant metastasis. For example, about three-quarters of patients with stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) have liver metastases [2]. Many of these patients have metastatic disease confined to the liver only. It has been demonstrated that for patients with such limited distant metastases, locoregional therapy such as surgery may be helpful [3, 4]. However, usually the liver metastases are too advanced to be resected by hepatectomy. Fewer than 15% of these patients receive hepatectomy to a curative extent [5]. On account of the dual vascular supply system and the fact that most metastatic liver tumors are supplied by the hepatic artery [6, 7], hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) is an appealing method for the treatment of liver metastases. HAIC has several advantages over intravenous chemotherapy. First, chemotherapeutic agents can be delivered more specifically to malignant cells. Normal hepatocytes that mostly rely on the portal venous system are thus exposed to fewer chemotherapeutic agents. Second, many chemotherapy agents used in HAIC have a high first-pass hepatic clearance effect, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and floxuridine (FUDR), a prodrug of 5-FU. Over 90% of FUDR and 19%–50% of 5-FU are cleared by the liver when they are administered by HAIC [8]. Systemic exposure to chemotherapeutic agents is thus decreased. These two mechanisms enable HAIC to provide a higher exposure of chemotherapy to malignant cells with minimized toxicities. The higher drug level may also overcome drug resistance. For example, intravenous (IV) anthracyclines are generally considered ineffective for CRC. HAIC with pirarubicin, an anthracycline that is an analogue of doxorubicin, has been demonstrated to have a fair efficacy in CRC patients with liver
References
[1]
J. P. Ayoub, K. R. Hess, M. C. Abbruzzese, R. Lenzi, M. N. Raber, and J. L. Abbruzzese, “Unknown primary tumors metastatic to liver,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 2105–2112, 1998.
[2]
S. Manfredi, C. Lepage, C. Hatem, O. Coatmeur, J. Faivre, and A. M. Bouvier, “Epidemiology and management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 244, no. 2, pp. 254–259, 2006.
[3]
J. S. Tomlinson, W. R. Jarnagin, R. P. DeMatteo et al., “Actual 10-year survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases defines cure,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 25, no. 29, pp. 4575–4580, 2007.
[4]
T. Ruers and R. P. Bleichrodt, “Treatment of liver metastases, an update on the possibilities and results,” European Journal of Cancer, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 1023–1033, 2002.
[5]
R. Stangl, A. Altendorf-Hofmann, R. M. Charnley, and J. Scheele, “Factors influencing the natural history of colorectal liver metastases,” Lancet, vol. 343, no. 8910, pp. 1405–1410, 1994.
[6]
J. A. Ridge, J. R. Bading, and A. S. Gelbard, “Perfusion of colorectal hepatic metastases. Relative distribution of flow from the hepatic artery and portal vein,” Cancer, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 1547–1553, 1987.
[7]
N. B. Ackerman, “Experimental studies on the circulation dynamics of intrahepatic tumor blood supply,” Cancer, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 435–439, 1972.
[8]
W. D. Ensminger, A. Rosowsky, and V. Raso, “A clinical-pharmacological evaluation of hepatic arterial infusions of 5-fluoro-2′deoxyuridine and 5-fluorouracil,” Cancer Research, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 3784–3792, 1978.
[9]
J. N. Munck, P. Rougier, G. G. Chabot et al., “Phase I and pharmacological study of intraarterial hepatic administration of pirarubicin in patients with advanced hepatic metastases,” European Journal of Cancer A, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 289–293, 1994.
[10]
P. Rougier, J. N. Munck, D. Elias et al., “Intra-arterial hepatic chemotherapy with pirarubicin. Preclinical and clinical studies,” American Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 13, supplement 1, pp. S1–S4, 1990.
[11]
D. Fallik, M. Ychou, J. Jacob et al., “Hepatic arterial infusion using pirarubicin combined with systemic chemotherapy: a phase II study in patients with nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer,” Annals of Oncology, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 856–863, 2003.
[12]
N. Hayashi, T. Sakai, M. Kitagawa, T. Kimoto, and Y. Ishii, “Percutaneous long-term arterial access with implantable ports direct subclavian approach with US,” European Journal of Radiology, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 304–308, 1998.
[13]
M. Yoshikawa, M. Ebara, T. Nakano, A. Minoyama, N. Sugiura, and M. Ohto, “Percutaneous transaxillary catheter insertion for hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 158, no. 4, pp. 885–886, 1992.
[14]
R. M. Barone, J. E. Byfield, and P. B. Goldfarb, “Intra-arterial chemotherapy using an implantable infusion pump and liver irradiation for the treatment of hepatic metastases,” Cancer, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 850–862, 1982.
[15]
H. Buchwald, T. B. Grage, and P. P. Vassilopoulos, “Intraarterial infusion chemotherapy for hepatic carcinoma using a totally implantable infusion pump,” Cancer, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 866–869, 1980.
[16]
P. J. Allen, A. Nissan, A. I. Picon et al., “Technical complications and durability of hepatic artery infusion pumps for unresectable colorectal liver metastases: an institutional experience of 544 consecutive cases,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, vol. 201, no. 1, pp. 57–65, 2005.
[17]
K. T. Barnett and M. P. Malafa, “Complications of hepatic artery infusion: a review of 4580 reported cases,” International Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 147–160, 2001.
[18]
Y. Arai, Y. Inaba, Y. Takeuchi, and Y. Ariyoshi, “Intermittent hepatic arterial infusion of high-dose 5FU on a weekly schedule for liver metastases from colorectal cancer,” Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 526–530, 1997.
[19]
O. Kanat, A. Gewirtz, and N. Kemeny, “What is the potential role of hepatic arterial infusion chemo-therapy in the current armamentorium against colorectal cancer,” Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, vol. 3, pp. 130–138, 2012.
[20]
Y. Y. Shao, C. C. Huang, P. C. Liang, and Z. Z. Lin, “Hepatic arterial infusion of chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma,” Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 80–88, 2010.
[21]
A. D. Cohen and N. E. Kemeny, “An update on hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for colorectal cancer,” Oncologist, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 553–566, 2003.
[22]
H. Toyoda, S. Nakano, T. Kumada et al., “The efficacy of continuous local arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin through an implanted reservoir for severe advanced hepatocellular carcinoma,” Oncology, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 295–299, 1995.
[23]
A. Minoyama, M. Yoshikawa, M. Ebara, H. Saisho, N. Sugiura, and M. Ohto, “Study of repeated arterial infusion chemotherapy with a subcutaneously implanted reservoir for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma,” Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 356–366, 1995.
[24]
A. Jemal, M. M. Center, C. DeSantis, and E. M. Ward, “Global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends,” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1893–1907, 2010.
[25]
J. Ferlay, H. R. Shin, F. Bray, D. Forman, C. Mathers, and D. M. Parkin, “Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 127, no. 12, pp. 2893–2917, 2010.
[26]
T. Yamaguchi, H. Matsumoto, M. Yasutome, T. Mori, and K. Takahashi, “Phase I/II study of irinotecan, UFT and leucovorin with hepatic arterial infusion using 5-FU in colorectal cancer patients with unresectable liver metastases,” Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 629–635, 2011.
[27]
R. Mancini, M. Tedesco, C. Garufi et al., “Hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) of cisplatin and systemic fluorouracil in the treatment of unresectable colorectal liver metastases,” Anticancer Research C, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1837–1841, 2003.
[28]
D. Goéré, I. Deshaies, T. De Baere et al., “Prolonged survival of initially unresectable hepatic colorectal cancer patients treated with hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin followed by radical surgery of metastases,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 251, no. 4, pp. 686–691, 2010.
[29]
D. J. Gallagher, M. Capanu, G. Raggio, and N. Kemeny, “Hepatic arterial infusion plus systemic irinotecan in patients with unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer previously treated with systemic oxaliplatin: a retrospective analysis,” Annals of Oncology, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 1995–1999, 2007.
[30]
P. Pilati, E. Mammano, S. Mocellin, E. Tessari, M. Lise, and D. Nitti, “Hepatic arterial infusion for unresectable colorectal liver metastases combined or not with systemic chemotherapy,” Anticancer Research, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 4139–4144, 2009.
[31]
N. E. Kemeny, F. D. Huitzil Melendez, M. Capanu et al., “Conversion to resectability using hepatic artery infusion plus systemic chemotherapy for the treatment of unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 27, no. 21, pp. 3465–3471, 2009.
[32]
C. Bokemeyer, I. Bondarenko, J. T. Hartmann et al., “Efficacy according to biomarker status of cetuximab plus FOLFOX-4 as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: the OPUS study,” Annals of Oncology, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 1535–1546, 2011.
[33]
T. S. Maughan, R. A. Adams, C. G. Smith et al., “Addition of cetuximab to oxaliplatin-based first-line combination chemotherapy for treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: results of the randomised phase 3 MRC COIN trial,” The Lancet, vol. 377, no. 9783, pp. 2103–2114, 2011.
[34]
K. M. Tveit, T. Guren, B. Glimelius et al., “Phase III trial of cetuximab with continuous or intermittent fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (Nordic FLOX) versus FLOX alone in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: the NORDIC-VII study,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 30, pp. 1755–1762, 2012.
[35]
E. Van Cutsem, C. H. K？hne, I. Láng et al., “Cetuximab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: updated analysis of overall survival according to tumor KRAS and BRAF mutation status,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 29, no. 15, pp. 2011–2019, 2011.
[36]
M. Bouchahda, R. Adam, S. Giacchetti et al., “Rescue chemotherapy using multidrug chronomodulated hepatic arterial infusion for patients with heavily pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer,” Cancer, vol. 115, no. 21, pp. 4990–4999, 2009.
[37]
M. Ducreux, M. Ychou, A. Laplanche et al., “Hepatic arterial oxaliplatin infusion plus intravenous chemotherapy in colorectal cancer with inoperable hepatic metastases: a trial of the Gastrointestinal Group of the Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 23, no. 22, pp. 4881–4887, 2005.
[38]
V. Boige, D. Malka, D. Elias et al., “Hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin and intravenous LV5FU2 in unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer after systemic chemotherapy failure,” Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 219–226, 2008.
[39]
L. B. Saltz, S. Clarke, E. Díaz-Rubio et al., “Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III study,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 26, no. 18, pp. 2013–2019, 2008.
[40]
G. Folprecht, T. Gruenberger, W. O. Bechstein et al., “Tumour response and secondary resectability of colorectal liver metastases following neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cetuximab: the CELIM randomised phase 2 trial,” The Lancet Oncology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 38–47, 2010.
[41]
N. E. Kemeny, D. Niedzwiecki, D. R. Hollis et al., “Hepatic arterial infusion versus systemic therapy for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: a randomized trial of efficacy, quality of life, and molecular markers (CALGB 9481),” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1395–1403, 2006.
[42]
G. Fiorentini, M. Cantore, S. Rossi et al., “Hepatic arterial chemotherapy in combination with systemic chemotherapy compared with hepatic arterial chemotherapy alone for liver metastases from colorectal cancer: results of a multi-centric randomized study,” In Vivo A, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 707–710, 2006.
[43]
D. J. Kerr, C. S. McArdle, J. Ledermann et al., “Intrahepatic arterial versus intravenous fluorouracil and folinic acid for colorectal cancer liver metastases: a multicentre randomised trial,” Lancet, vol. 361, no. 9355, pp. 368–373, 2003.
[44]
T. G. Allen-Mersh, C. Glover, C. Fordy, P. Mathur, and H. Quinn, “Randomized trial of regional plus systemic fluorinated pyrimidine compared with systemic fluorinated pyrimidine in treatment of colorectal liver metastases,” European Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 468–473, 2000.
[45]
M. Lorenz and H. H. Müller, “Randomized, multicenter trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin administered either via hepatic arterial or intravenous infusion versus fluorodeoxyuridine administered via hepatic arterial infusion in patients with nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 243–254, 2000.
[46]
N. Kemeny, W. Jarnagin, P. Paty et al., “Phase I trial of systemic oxaliplatin combination chemotherapy with hepatic arterial infusion in patients with unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 23, no. 22, pp. 4888–4896, 2005.
[47]
N. Kemeny, A. Eid, J. Stockman et al., “Hepatic arterial infusion of Floxuridine and dexamethasone plus high-dose Mitomycin C for patients with unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma,” Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 97–101, 2005.
[48]
M. Lorenz, H. H. Mueller, E. Mattes et al., “Phase II study of weekly 24-hour intra-arterial high-dose infusion of 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid for liver metastasses from colorectal carcinomas,” Annals of Oncology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 321–325, 2001.
[49]
N. Fazio, F. Orsi, R. F. Grasso et al., “Hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy using a percutaneous catheter in pretreated patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma,” Anticancer Research D, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 5023–5030, 2003.
[50]
N. E. Kemeny, M. Gonen, D. Sullivan et al., “Phase I study of hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine and dexamethasone with systemic irinotecan for unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 2687–2695, 2001.
[51]
J. M. G. H. Van Riel, C. J. Van Groeningen, S. H. M. Albers et al., “Hepatic arterial 5-fluorouracil in patients with liver metastases of colorectal cancer: single-centre experience in 145 patients,” Annals of Oncology, vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 1563–1570, 2000.
[52]
Y. Fujimoto, T. Akasu, S. Yamamoto, S. Fujita, and Y. Moriya, “Long-term results of hepatectomy after hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for initially unresectable hepatic colorectal metastases,” Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1643–1650, 2009.
[53]
S. Sameshima, H. Horikoshi, K. Motegi et al., “Outcomes of hepatic artery infusion therapy for hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma after radiological placement of infusion catheters,” European Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 741–745, 2007.
[54]
S. Mocellin, S. Pasquali, and D. Nitti, “Fluoropyrimidine-HAI (hepatic arterial infusion) versus systemic chemotherapy (SCT) for unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 3, Article ID CD007823, 2009.
[55]
S. Mocellin, P. Pilati, M. Lise, and D. Nitti, “Meta-analysis of hepatic arterial infusion for unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer: the end of an era?” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 25, no. 35, pp. 5649–5654, 2007.
[56]
N. Kemeny, Y. Huang, and A. M. Cohen, “Hepatic arterial infusion of chemotherapy after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 341, pp. 2039–2048, 1999.
[57]
N. E. Kemeny and M. Gonen, “Hepatic arterial infusion after liver resection,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 352, no. 7, pp. 734–735, 2005.
[58]
T. André, C. Boni, L. Mounedji-Boudiaf et al., “Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 350, no. 23, pp. 2343–2351, 2004.
[59]
S. R. Alberts, M. S. Roh, M. R. Mahoney et al., “Alternating systemic and hepatic artery infusion therapy for resected liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG)/ National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) phase II intergroup trial, N9945/CI-66,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 853–858, 2010.
[60]
N. Kemeny, W. Jarnagin, M. Gonen et al., “Phase I/II study of hepatic arterial therapy with floxuridine and dexamethasone in combination with intravenous irinotecan as adjuvant treatment after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 21, no. 17, pp. 3303–3309, 2003.
[61]
N. E. Kemeny, W. R. Jarnagin, M. Capanu et al., “Randomized phase II trial of adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion and systemic chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in patients with resected hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 884–889, 2011.
[62]
P. G. Tarazov, “Transcatheter therapy of gastric cancer metastatic to the liver: preliminary results,” Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 907–911, 2000.
[63]
T. Kumada, Y. Arai, K. Itoh et al., “Phase II study of combined administration of 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and mitomycin-C by hepatic artery infusion in patients with liver metastases of gastric cancer,” Oncology, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 216–223, 1999.
[64]
H. Ojima, S. Ootake, T. Yokobori et al., “Treatment of multiple liver metastasis from gastric carcinoma,” World Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 5, article 70, 2007.
[65]
Y. J. Bang, E. Van Cutsem, and A. Feyereislova, “Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial,” The Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9749, pp. 687–697, 2010.
[66]
J. C. Becker, P. Terheyden, E. K？mpgen et al., “Treatment of disseminated ocular melanoma with sequential fotemustine, interferon α, and interleukin 2,” British Journal of Cancer, vol. 87, no. 8, pp. 840–845, 2002.
[67]
B. Melichar, Z. Voboril, M. Lojík, and A. Krajina, “Liver metastases from uveal melanoma: clinical experience of hepatic arterial infusion of cisplatin, vinblastine and dacarbazine,” Hepato-Gastroenterology, vol. 56, no. 93, pp. 1157–1162, 2009.
[68]
T. Vogl, K. Eichler, S. Zangos et al., “Preliminary experience with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in liver metastases of uveal malignant melanoma: local tumor control and survival,” Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 177–184, 2007.
[69]
G. H. Han, Z. X. Yin, X. J. Meng et al., “Prospective randomized clinical trial of two drug delivery pathway in the treatment of inoperable advanced pancreatic carcinoma,” Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 45–48, 2006.
[70]
H. Homma, T. Doi, S. Mezawa et al., “A novel arterial infusion chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma after vascular supply distribution via superselective embolization,” Cancer, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 303–313, 2000.
[71]
A. Hashimoto, H. Nishiofuku, T. Tanaka et al., “Safety and optimal management of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy after pancreatectomy for pancreatobiliary cancer,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 198, pp. 923–930, 2012.
[72]
H. Oettle, S. Post, P. Neuhaus et al., “Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine vs observation in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 297, no. 3, pp. 267–277, 2007.
[73]
Y. Inaba, Y. Arai, H. Yamaura et al., “Phase I/II study of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with gemcitabine in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (JIVROSG-0301),” American Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 58–62, 2011.
[74]
M. Cantore, A. Mambrini, G. Fiorentini et al., “Phase II study of hepatic intraarterial epirubicin and cisplatin, with systemic 5-fluorouracil in patients with unresectable biliary tract tumors,” Cancer, vol. 103, no. 7, pp. 1402–1407, 2005.
[75]
A. Mambrini, A. Guglielmi, P. Pacetti et al., “Capecitabine plus hepatic intra-arterial epirubicin and cisplatin in unresectable biliary cancer: a phase II study,” Anticancer Research C, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 3009–3013, 2007.
[76]
S. Matsumoto, H. Kiyosue, E. Komatsu et al., “Radiotherapy combined with transarterial infusion chemotherapy and concurrent infusion of a vasoconstrictor agent for nonresectable advanced hepatic hilar duct carcinoma,” Cancer, vol. 100, no. 11, pp. 2422–2429, 2004.
[77]
S. C. Schiffman, T. Metzger, G. Dubel et al., “Precision hepatic arterial irinotecan therapy in the treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma: optimal tolerance and prolonged overall survival,” Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 431–438, 2011.
[78]
A. Benevento, L. Boni, L. Frediani, A. Ferrari, and R. Dionigi, “Result of liver resection as treatment for metastases from noncolorectal cancer,” Journal of Surgical Oncology, vol. 74, pp. 24–29, 2000.
[79]
D. Christante, S. Pommier, B. Givi, and R. Pommier, “Hepatic artery chemoinfusion with chemoembolization for neuroendocrine cancer with progressive hepatic metastases despite octreotide therapy,” Surgery, vol. 144, no. 6, pp. 885–894, 2008.
