In a series of experimental studies, the bone formation around systematically modified titanium implants is analyzed. In the present study, three different surface modifications were prepared and evaluated. Glow-discharge cleaning and oxidizing resulted in a highly stoichiometric TiO2 surface, while a glow-discharge treatment in nitrogen gas resulted in implants with essentially a surface of titanium nitride, covered with a very thin titanium oxide. Finally, hydrogen peroxide treatment of implants resulted in an almost stoichiometric TiO2, rich in hydroxyl groups on the surface. Machined commercially pure titanium implants served as controls. Scanning Auger Electron Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy revealed no significant differences in oxide thickness or surface roughness parameters, but differences in the surface chemical composition and apparent topography were observed. After surface preparation, the implants were inserted in cortical bone of rabbits and evaluated after 1, 3, and 6 weeks. Light microscopic evaluation of the tissue response showed that all implants were in contact with bone and had a large proportion of newly formed bone within the threads after 6 weeks. There were no morphological differences between the four groups. Our study shows that a high degree of bone contact and bone formation can be achieved with titanium implants of different surface composition and topography. 1. Introduction This study is part of a multidisciplinary approach where the long-term objective is to understand the role of specific surface properties when bone and marrow are exposed to an implant. The objective and rationale for the approach are presented in an earlier report [1]. In short, the surfaces of machined, threaded titanium implants are modified and characterized in different ways and the bone response and bone-implant interface are investigated in vivo [1–3]. Whereas earlier studies addressed the role of roughness and surface oxide thickness, modified by electrochemical methods, in this study we inquire further into smaller chemical changes on implant surfaces. The hypothesis is that surface chemical composition does influence the tissue response including the bone response to titanium implant. We chose machined titanium implants as the control because this was the starting material for three different surface modifications that were studied. In previous studies, we examined the response of bone around threaded titanium implants with different surface modifications (machined, electropolished, machined, and
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