Placement of implants in fresh sockets is an alternative to try to reduce physiological resorption of alveolar ridge after tooth extraction. This surgery can be used to preserve the bone architecture and also accelerate the restorative procedure. However, the diastasis observed between bone and implant may influence osseointegration. So, autogenous bone graft and/or biomaterials have been used to fill this gap. Considering the importance of bone repair for treatment with implants placed immediately after tooth extraction, this study aimed to present a literature review about biomaterials surrounding immediate dental implants. The search included 56 articles published from 1969 to 2012. The results were based on data analysis and discussion. It was observed that implant fixation immediately after extraction is a reliable alternative to reduce the treatment length of prosthetic restoration. In general, the biomaterial should be used to increase bone/implant contact and enhance osseointegration. 1. Introduction Although alveolar repair after tooth extraction can be conducted by blood clot, this repair is not complete due to physiological resorption [1]. Studies demonstrated that vertical and horizontal dimensions are reduced around 11–22% and 29–63%, respectively, due to alveolar resorption after 6 months following tooth extraction [2]. This atrophy is more intense in the buccal surface (about 0.8？mm) during the first 3 months [3]. The insertion of immediate implants in atrophic sockets is a challenge to achieve satisfactory esthetics and function [4]. In this sense, in 1976, Schulte and Heimke [5] presented the immediate implants that are placed in fresh sockets. However, the diastasis observed between bone and implant after dental extraction may influence osseointegration [6]. So, autogenous bone grafts and/or biomaterials have been used in those gaps to correct bone defects and provide appropriate stability. Considering the importance of stability of immediate implants, this study presented a literature review about the most common biomaterials used for immediate dental implants. 2. Material and Method The inclusion criteria assumed the studies published in English from 1969 to 2012 searched at Medline (Pubmed) and Bireme databases. The keywords “dental implant,” “osseointegration,” “postextraction,” “bone substitute,” “fresh extraction sockets,” “immediate implant,” “bone repair,” “bone modeling,” “dehiscence,” “dimension,” and “ grafting” were used for searching. The search was based on scientific researches published in English including systematic
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