Introduction. Campylobacter is one of the leading bacterial causes of food-borne disease. The prevalence of Campylobacter species resistant to antimicrobial agents is increasing. This study is intended to determine prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter species among under-five children with diarrhea. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 227 under-five children with diarrhea from July to October 2012 at Jimma town. Isolation and identification of Campylobacter species were performed using standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed following standard protocol. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used for analysis. Results. From 227 under-five children, 16.7% were positive for Campylobacter spp.; isolates, C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari, accounted for 71.1%, 21.1%, and 7.9%, respectively. Higher rate of resistance was observed to ampicillin 76.3%, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (68.4%), tetracycline (39.5%), chloramphenicol (31.6%), clindamycin (26.3%), and doxycycline (23.7%). Erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, and nalidixic acid were effective for more than 80% of the isolates. Multiple drug resistance was observed among 78.9% of all the three spp. Conclusions. Isolation rate of Campylobacter spp. was high. C. lari was reported for the first time at this study area. Higher rate of resistance was observed to the commonly used drugs. 1. Introduction Diarrheal diseases constitute a major burden of disease in the world, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Of all medical conditions, diarrhea is the second leading cause of time lost to illness, 72.8 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [1]. Diarrheal illnesses are particularly dangerous for young children who are more susceptible to dehydration and nutritional losses during an episode of acute diarrhea. Around 90% of diarrhea-related deaths occur among under-five children living in low- and middle-income countries. Over 1.8 million under-five children die of diarrheal disease, this accounts for 19% of all childhood deaths [2]. Nowadays, Campylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in developed and developing countries. It is responsible for 400–500 million cases of diarrhea each year [3]; the number of cases often exceed those of salmonellosis and shigellosis. As the result of an epidemiological study of human health burden of foodborne infections in Japan, the estimated burden of Campylobacter infections was the highest among the other pathogens.
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