Field studies were conducted during 2009 and 2010 in Texas at Yoakum and Lamesa to determine peanut cultivar response to flumioxazin applied preemergence (0.053, 0.107, and 0.214？kg？ai？ha？1) and imazapic applied postemergence (0.035, 0.071, and 0.141？kg？ai？ha？1). At Yoakum, two cultivars (Tamrun OL01, Tamrun OL07) were evaluated while at Lamesa, four cultivars (FlavorRunner 458, Tamrun OL01, Tamrun OL02, and Tamrun OL07) were evaluated. In 2009, no stunting was noted at Yoakum with any herbicide regardless of cultivar. At Lamesa, FlavorRunner 458 and Tamrun OL01 were stunted at least 6% with the 0.21？kg？ha？1 rate of flumioxazin and 6 to 17% with the 0.07 and 0.14？kg？ha？1 rate of imazapic. Tamrun OL02 was stunted by all rates of flumioxazin (5%) and imazapic (5 to 18%) while Tamrun OL07 was stunted by all rates of flumioxazin (6 to 12%) and imazapic (7 to 15%) with the exception of flumioxazin at 0.05？kg？ha？1. Flumioxazin did not have an effect on yield while all imazapic rates reduced yields when compared with the non-treated control. In 2010 at Yoakum, little (<2%) or no herbicide stunting was noted on any cultivar and only imazapic at 0.14？kg？ha？1 caused significant stunting (7%). No yield differences were noted between herbicides regardless of cultivar. At Lamesa, all cultivars were affected (6 to 9% stunting) by herbicide treatments. No peanut stunting was noted with flumioxazin at 0.05？kg？ha？1 while imazapic at 0.04？kg？ha？1 and flumioxazin at 0.11？kg？ha？1 resulted in 4 and 6% stunting, respectively. Flumioxazin at 0.21？kg？ha？1 and imazapic at 0.07？kg？ha？1 resulted in 12% stunting and imazapic at 0.14？kg？ha？1 stunted peanut 19%. Both Tamrun OL01 and Tamrun OL07 produced lower yields (≤6369？kg？ha？1) than FlavorRunner 458 (7252？kg？ha？1). Tamrun OL02 yields were intermediate (6889？kg？ha？1). Peanut yields from herbicide treatments were not different from the non-treated control. 1. Introduction Flumioxazin is an N-phenyl phthalamide soil-applied herbicide that received a federal label in the US for use in peanut in 2001 [1]. Flumioxazin inhibits the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase [2–4]. In Georgia, flumioxazin applied preemergence (PRE) was shown to control morningglory species (Ipomoea spp.), prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), and Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC) [5] while in Texas, pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunose L.) was controlled greater than 75% [6]. Also, flumioxazin is used in the Virginia-Carolina area for early-season suppression of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) and other broadleaf weeds (D. Jordan,
References
[1]
W. J. Grichar, B. A. Besler, P. A. Dotray, W. C. Johnson III, and E. P. Prostko, “Interaction of flumioxazin with dimethenamid or metolachlor in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.),” Peanut Science, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 12–16, 2004.
[2]
R. M. Yoshida, R. Sakaki, R. Sato et al., “S-53482-a new N-phenyl phthalimide herbicide,” in Proceedings Brighton Crop Protection Conference, vol. 1, pp. 69–75, Weeds, 1991.
[3]
R. J. Anderson, A. E. Norris, and F. D. Hess, “Synthetic organic chemicals that act through the prophyrin pathway,” in Porphyric Pesticides: Chemistry, Toxicity, and Pharmaceutical Applications, S. O. Duke and C. A. Rebeiz, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 559, pp. 18–33, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, 1994.
[4]
S. A. Senseman, Herbicide Handbook, Weed Science Society of America, Lawrence, Kan, USA, 9th edition, 2007.
[5]
J. W. Wilcut, “Summary of flumioxazin performance in southeastern peanuts,” in Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Southern Weed Science Society (SWSS '97), vol. 50, pp. 1–7, Southern Weed Science Society, 1997.
[6]
W. J. Grichar and A. E. Colburn, “Flumioxazin for weed control in Texas peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.),” Peanut Science, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 30–36, 1996.
[7]
P. R. Nester and W. J. Grichar, “Cadre combinations for broadleaf weeds control in peanut,” in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Southern Weed Science Society (SWSS '93), vol. 46, 1993.
[8]
W. J. Grichar, A. E. Colburn, and P. R. Nester, “Weed control in Texas peanut with Cadre,” in Proceedings of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, vol. 26, p. 70, 1994.
[9]
J. W. Wilcut, E. F. Eastin, J. S. Richburg III, W. K. Vencill, F. R. Wells, and G. Wiley, “Imidazolinone systems for southern weed management in resistant corn,” Weed Science Society America, vol. 33, article 5, 1993.
[10]
J. W. Wilcut, J. S. Richburg III, G. Wiley, F. R. Walls Jr., S. R. Jones, and M. J. Iverson, “Imidazolinone herbicide systems for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.),” Peanut Science, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 23–28, 1994.
[11]
J. W. Wilcut, A. C. York, W. J. Grichar, and G. R. Wehtje, “The biology and management of weeds in peanut (Arachis hypogaea),” in Advances in Peanut Science, H. E. Pattee and H. T. Stalker, Eds., pp. 207–244, American Peanut Research Education Society, Stillwater, Okla, USA, 1995.
[12]
W. J. Grichar and P. R. Nester, “Nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) control in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with AC 263,222 and imazethapyr,” Weed Technology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 714–719, 1997.
[13]
T. L. Grey, D. C. Bridges, E. F. Eastin, et al., “Residual weed control for peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with imazapic, diclosulam, flumioxazin, and sulfentrazone in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida: a multi-state and year summary,” in Proceedings of the Meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, vol. 33, p. 19, Oklahoma, Okla, USA, 2001.
[14]
J. S. Richburg III, J. W. Wilcut, and G. R. Wehtje, “Toxicity of AC 263,222 to purple (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus),” Weed Science, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 398–402, 1994.
[15]
J. S. Richburg III, J. W. Wilcut, D. L. Colvin, and G. R. Wiley, “Weed management in southeastern peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with AC 263,222,” Weed Technology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 145–152, 1996.
[16]
J. T. Ducar, S. B. Clewis, J. W. Wilcut et al., “Weed management using reduced rate combinations of diclosulam, flumioxazin, and imazapic in peanut,” Weed Technology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 236–242, 2009.
[17]
S. D. Askew, J. W. Wilcut, and J. R. Cranmer, “Weed management in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with flumioxazin preemergence,” Weed Technology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 594–598, 1999.
[18]
G. H. Scott, S. D. Askew, and J. W. Wilcut, “Economic evaluation of diclosulam and flumioxazin systems in peanut (Arachis hypogaea),” Weed Technology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 360–364, 2001.
[19]
J. W. Wilcut, J. S. Richburg III, G. L. Wiley, and F. R. Walls Jr., “Postemergence AC 263,222 systems for weed control in peanut (Arachis hypogaea),” Weed Science, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 615–621, 1996.
[20]
J. S. Richburg III, J. W. Wilcut, A. K. Culbreath, and C. K. Kvien, “Response of eight peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars to the herbicide AC 263,222,” Peanut Science, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 76–80, 1995.
[21]
W. J. Grichar, “Control of palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with postemergence herbicides,” Weed Technology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 739–743, 1997.
[22]
T. M. Webster, J. W. Wilcut, and H. D. Coble, “Influence of AC 263,222 rate and application method on weed management in peanut (Arachis hypogaea),” Weed Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 520–526, 1997.
[23]
P. A. Dotray, T. A. Baughman, J. W. Keeling, W. J. Grichar, and R. G. Lemon, “Effect of imazapic application timing on texas peanut (Arachis hypogaea),” Weed Technology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 26–29, 2001.
[24]
C. E. Simpson, M. R. Baring, A. M. Schubert, et al., “Registration of ‘Tamrun OL01’ peanut,” Crop Science, vol. 43, article 2298, 2003.
[25]
M. R. Baring, C. E. Simpson, M. D. Burow, et al., “Registration of ‘Tamrun OL07’ peanut,” Crop Science, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 2721–2722, 2006.
[26]
J. Beasley and J. Baldwin, “Peanut cultivars and descriptions,” March 2011, http://www.caes.uga.edu/commodities/fieldcrops/peanuts/production/cultivardescription.html.
[27]
C. E. Simpson, M. R. Baring, A. M. Schubert, M. C. Black, H. A. Melouk, and Y. Lopez, “Registration of ‘Tamrun OL 02’ peanut,” Crop Science, vol. 46, pp. 1813–1814, 2006.
[28]
Anonymous, Label and MSDS for Valor Herbicide, EPA Registration Number 59639-99, Valent USA Corporation, Walnut Creek, Calif, USA, 2011.
[29]
Anonymous, Imazapic Herbicide Label, EPA Registration Number 241-381, BASF, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2011.
Statistical Analysis Systems, SAS User’s Guide, version 9.1, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, 2005.
[32]
C. L. Main, J. T. Ducar, E. B. Whitty, and G. E. MacDonald, “Response of three runner-type peanut cultivars to flumioxazin,” Weed Technology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 89–93, 2003.
[33]
W. K. Vencill, “Flumioxazin injury to peanut,” in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Southern Weed Science Society (SWSS '02), vol. 55, pp. 195–196, 2002.
[34]
J. W. Wilcut, S. D. Askew, W. A. Bailey, J. F. Spears, and T. G. Isleib, “Virginia market-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivar tolerance and yield response to flumioxazin preemergence,” Weed Technology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 137–140, 2001.
[35]
G. Mangels, “Behavior of the imidazolinone herbicide in soil—a review of the literature,” in The Imidazolinone Herbicides, D. L. Shaner and S. L. O'Connor, Eds., pp. 191–209, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, USA, 1991.
