Restructuring of electricity supply industry introduced the concept of deregulation. After deregulation transmission cost allocation is a vital issue. In the available literature, various authors have presented different methods for allocation of transmission cost. This paper presents the review of a variety of methods and algorithm based on the principle of power-flow tracing. For a fair and equitable transmission charge allocation it is necessary to know the quantum of power flowing by each generator and load in line flows. Power flow tracing techniques are mainly based on the concepts of proportional sharing principle, graph theory, circuit theory (Z-bus tracing), optimization approach, relative electrical distance concept, Equilateral bilateral exchange (EBE), and game theory. This paper presents a comprehensive review of all the available literature on the above. 1. Introduction Restructuring of electricity supply industry (ESI) has taken place around the world. The main aim behind this restructuring is to introduce competition to increase efficiency and quality of services in the electricity supply industry. Initially, power sector operated as vertically integrated utility in which all the functions are governed and controlled by state own organization. After the restructuring deregulation and open access is introduced in the ESI. Following deregulation the regulated structure of the ESI is converted into a deregulated structure in which all the three major functions are separated by three companies, namely, Generation Company Ltd. (GENCOS), Transmission Company Ltd. (TRANSCO), and Distribution Company Ltd. (DISCOMS). Competition is introduced in the entire system. Various independent power producers IPPs come in the field of generation. They generate power and sell to the Central Transmission Utility (CTU) or TRANSCO. Competition is introduced in the distribution sector. But it is difficult to introduce competition in the transmission sector due to its monopolistic nature. In transmission sector, it is not possible to build a separate transmission line for every generation facility. Hence transmission cost allocation is very complicated task in the deregulated environment. Several methodologies and their variants are presented to solve this problem. The main aim of any transmission pricing methodology is to introduce a fair competition in the electricity sector and provide efficient economic signals. Transmission pricing methods are the overall processes of translating transmission costs into overall transmission charges. Figure 1 presents the
References
[1]
K. Xie, J. Zhou, and W. Li, “Analytical model and algorithm for tracing active power flow based on extended incidence matrix,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 399–405, 2009.
[2]
J. Bialek, “Tracing the flow of electricity,” IEE Proceedings—Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 143, no. 4, pp. 313–320, 1996.
[3]
J. Bialek and D. B. Tam, “Tracing the generators' output,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Opportunities and Advances in International Electric Power Generation, pp. 133–136, Durham, NC, USA, March 1996.
[4]
J. Bialek, “Identification of source-sink connections in transmission networks,” in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Power System Control and Management, pp. 200–204, April 1996.
[5]
J. Bialek, “Topological generation and load distribution factors for supplement charge allocation in transmission open access,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1185–1193, 1997.
[6]
J. Bialek, “Allocation of transmission supplementary charge to real and reactive loads,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 749–754, 1998.
[7]
P. A. Kattuman, J. W. Bialek, and N. Abi-Samra, “Electricity tracing and co-operative game theory,” in Proceedings of the 13th Power System Computation Conference, pp. 238–243, Trondheim, Norway, June 1999.
[8]
J. W. Bialek, “Tracing-based unifying framework for transmission pricing of cross-border trades in Europe,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT '00), pp. 532–537, London, UK, April 2000.
[9]
J. W. Bialek, S. Ziemianek, and R. Wallace, “A methodology for allocating transmission losses due to cross-border trades,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1255–1262, 2004.
[10]
Y. Z. Li, S. H. Zhang, Q. Liu, and Z. Qu, “Electricity tracing method of generation and loss cost allocation,” in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management (APSCOM '00), Hong Kong, China, October 2000.
[11]
C. T. Su and J. H. Liaw, “Power wheeling pricing using power tracing and MVA-KM method,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Porto Power Tech, vol. 1, Porto, Portugal, September 2001.
[12]
A. N. Al-Rajhi and J. W. Bialek, “Marginal and tracing pricing of transmission: an empirical comparison,” in Proceedings of the 14th Power Systems Computation Conference, session 27, paper 5, Sevilla, Spain, June 2002.
[13]
T. Limpasuwan, J. W. Bialek, W. Ongsakul, and B. Limmeechokchai, “A proposal for annual power fee in Thailand based on electricity tracing methodology,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 219–226, 2003.
[14]
J. W. Bialek, “Gaming the uniform-price spot market: quantitative analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 768–773, 2002.
[15]
A. R. Shirani and H. Siahkali, “Traceable flow method in determination of congestion cost assignment in open access power system network,” in Proceedings of the IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition 2002: Asia Pacific, vol. 2, pp. 734–738, October 2002.
[16]
T. Limpasuwan, J. W. Bialek, W. Ongsakul, and B. Limmeechokchai, “A proposal for transmission pricing methodology in Thailand based on electricity tracing and long-run average incremental cost,” Energy Policy, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 301–308, 2004.
[17]
P. A. Kattuman, R. J. Green, and J. W. Bialek, “Allocating electricity transmission costs through tracing: a game-theoretic rationale,” Operations Research Letters, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 114–120, 2004.
[18]
J. W. Bialek and S. Ziemianek, “Tracing based transmission pricing of cross-border trades: fundamentals and circular flows,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, vol. 3, Bologna, Italy, June 2003.
[19]
J. W. Bialek and P. A. Kattuman, “Proportional sharing assumption in tracing methodology,” IEE Proceedings—Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 151, no. 4, pp. 526–532, 2004.
[20]
C. Adsoongnoen, W. Ongsakul, and H. J. Haubrich, “Allocation of transmission losses and network charges for cross border trades in ASEAN power grid based on tracing methodology,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Russia Power Tech, pp. 1–6, St. Petersburg, Russia, June 2005.
[21]
P. Nallagownden, R. N. Mukerjee, and S. Masri, “Power tracing and prediction of losses for deregulated transmission system,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1.
[22]
K. Pal, M. Pandit, and L. Srivastava, “Incentive charge calculation for open access transmission system,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS '09), pp. 1–6, Kharagpur, India, December 2009.
[23]
C. Achayuthakan, C. J. Dent, J. W. Bialek, and W. Ongsakul, “Electricity tracing in systems with and without circulating flows: physical insights and mathematical proofs,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1078–1087, 2010.
[24]
P. Nallagownden and T. Y. Lee, “Application of regression and tracing methodology for efficient operation of generators and retailers in a deregulated system,” in Proceedings of the 4th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO '10), pp. 267–273, Selangor, Malaysia, June 2010.
[25]
B. Naresh, M. S. Kumari, and M. Sydulu, “Transmission cost allocation using power flow tracing and genetic algorithm,” in Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Systems (IS '10), pp. 432–438, London, UK, July 2010.
[26]
D. K. Ron and A. G. Strbac, “Contributions of individual generators to loads and flows,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 52–60, 1997.
[27]
D. Thukaram, H. P. Khincha, B. Ravikumar, and G. Yesuratnam, “Generators contribution towards loads and line flows—a case study,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power India Conference, New Delhi, India, April 2006.
[28]
G. Strbac, D. Kirschen, and S. Ahmed, “Allocating transmission system usage on the basis of traceable contributions of generators and loads to flows,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 527–534, 1998.
[29]
D. Kirschen and G. Strbac, “Tracing active and reactive power between generators and loads using real and imaginary currents,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1312–1319, 1999.
[30]
F. Gubina and D. Orgie, “A method for determining the generators' share in a consumer load,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1376–1381, 2000.
[31]
D. Grgic and F. Gubina, “Generator contribution to a line reactive power flow,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Power System Technology (PowerCon '00), vol. 3, pp. 1587–1590, Perth, Wash, USA, 2000.
[32]
M. Pantos, D. Grgic, and F. Gubina, “New transmission service pricing technique based on actual power flows,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, vol. 3, Bologna, Italy, June 2003.
[33]
M. Panto？ and F. Gubina, “Ex-ante transmission-service pricing via power-flow tracing,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy System, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 509–518, 2004.
[34]
M. Panto？ and F. Gubina, “Ex-ante transmission service pricing via load distribution factors,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, vol. 2, p. 4, July 2003.
[35]
M. Pantos and F. Gubina, “Allocation of production to consumers,” in Proceedings of the IEEE EUROCON, vol. 2, pp. 301–304, September 2003.
[36]
M. Panto？ and F. Gubina, “Ex-ante transmission-service pricing based on load-flow patterns,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 796–801, 2004.
[37]
H. Sun, D. C. Yu, and Q. Zheng, “AC power flow tracing in transmission networks,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 3, pp. 1715–1720, January 2000.
[38]
W. Xi-Fan, W. Xin-Li, and J. Bin, “Power tracing analysis in wheeling costing,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT '00), pp. 173–178, London, UK, 2000.
[39]
P. Wei, B. Yuan, Y. Ni, and F. F. Wu, “Power flow tracing for transmission open access,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT '00), pp. 476–481, London, UK, 2000.
[40]
F. F. Wu, Y. Ni, and P. Wei, “Power transfer allocation for open access using graph theory—fundamentals and applications in systems without loopflow,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 923–929, 2000.
[41]
S. K. Chai and A. Sekar, “Graph theory application to deregulated power system,” in Proceedings of the 33rd Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, pp. 117–121, Athens, Ohio, USA, March 2001.
[42]
P. Wei, Y. Ni, and F. F. Wu, “Load flow tracing in power systems with circulating power,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 807–813, 2002.
[43]
K. Xie and J. Zhou, “Power flow tracing algorithm for electric networks with loopflow,” Science in China E, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 93–103, 2003.
[44]
K. Xie, C. Li, and Y. Liu, “Tracing power flow from generators to loads and branches using incidence matrix multiplication,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PES '09), pp. 1–7, Calgary, Canada, July 2009.
[45]
H. Ghasemi, C. Ca？izares, and G. Savage, “Closed-form solution to calculate generator contributions to loads and line flows in an open access market,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, vol. 2, July 2003.
[46]
M. W. B. Mustafa and H. Shareef, “An alternative power tracing method for transmission open access,” http://itee.uq.edu.au/~aupec/aupec05/AUPEC2005/Volume1/S091.pdf.
[47]
M. W. Mustafa and M. H. Sulaiman, “Transmission loss allocation in deregulated power system via superposition and proportional tree methods,” in Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Power and Energy Conference (PECon '08), pp. 988–993, Johor Baharu, Malaysia, December 2008.
[48]
M. W. Mustafa, M. H. Sulaiman, H. Shareef, and S. N. Abd Khalid, “Determination of generators' contributions to loads in pool based power system using least squares support vector machine,” in Proceedings of the 4th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO '10), pp. 226–231, Selangor, Malaysia, June 2010.
[49]
Y. Xiao and P. Wang, “Tracing nodal market power using proportional tree method,” in Proceedings of the IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, vol. 1, pp. 196–200, October 2004.
[50]
P. Wang and Y. Xiao, “Transmission cost allocation using proportional tree methods,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC '05), pp. 1–126, Singapore, December 2005.
[51]
V. S. C. Lim, J. D. F. McDonald, and T. K. Saha, “Application of loop frame of reference to power flow tracing and loss allocation,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC '05), vol. 2, pp. 1013–1018, Singapore, December 2005.
[52]
V. S. C. Lim, J. D. F. McDonald, and T. K. Saha, “Development of a new loss allocation method for a hybrid electricity market using graph theory,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 301–310, 2009.
[53]
V. S. C. Lim, J. D. F. McDonald, and T. K. Saha, “Application of loop frame of reference to power flow tracing and loss allocation,” International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, vol. 5, no. 2, article 3, 2006.
[54]
C. T. Su, J. H. Liaw, and C. M. Li, “Power-flow tracing and wheeling costing considering complex power and convection lines,” IEE Proceedings—Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 153, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2006.
[55]
C. T. Su and J. H. Liaw, “Complex power flow tracing considering convection lines using nominal-T model,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 28–35, 2007.
[56]
S. Abdelkader, “Transmission loss allocation in a deregulated electrical energy market,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 962–967, 2006.
[57]
S. Abdelkader, “Allocating generation to loads and line flows for transmission open access,” in Proceedings of the IEEE GCC Conference, pp. 1–6, Manama, Bahrain, March 2006.
[58]
S. Abdelkader, “Efficient computation algorithm for calculating load contributions to line flows and losses,” IEE Proceedings—Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 391–398, 2006.
[59]
S. M. Abdelkader, “Transmission loss allocation through complex power flow tracing,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON '2006), vol. 1, pp. 310–316, Minya, Egypt, December 2006.
[60]
S. Abdelkader, “A method for determining generators' shares in loads, line flows and losses,” Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 344, no. 8, pp. 1063–1074, 2007.
[61]
S. M. Abdelkader, “Allocating transmission loss to loads and generators through complex power flow tracing,” IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 584–595, 2007.
[62]
S. M. Abdelkader, “Transmission loss allocation through complex power flow tacing,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 2240–2248, 2007.
[63]
S. Abdelkader, “Determining generators' contribution to loads and line flows & losses considering loop flows,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 30, no. 6-7, pp. 368–375, 2008.
[64]
S. M. Abdelkader, “A new method for transmission loss allocation considering the circulating currents between generators,” in Proceedings of the 12th International Middle East Power System Conference (MEPCON '08), pp. 282–286, Aswan, Egypt, March 2008.
[65]
S. M. Abdelkader, “Complex power flow tracing for transmission loss allocation considering loop flows,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PES '09), pp. 1–9, Calgary, Canada, July 2009.
[66]
J. Nikoukar, M. R. Haghifam, and A. Panahi, “Transmission expansion cost allocation based on economic benefit and use of system,” Journal of American Science, vol. 7, no. 4, 2011.
[67]
J. Yang and M. D. Anderson, “Tracing the flow of power in transmission networks for use-of-transmission-system charges and congestion management,” in Proceedings of the Winter Meeting of IEEE Power Engineering Society, vol. 1, pp. 399–405, February 1999.
[68]
F. Liu, Y. Li, and G. Tang, “A quick and practicable power flow tracing method on electric energy market part I: theoretic fundament,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 3, pp. 1244–1249, Columbus, Ohio, USA, February 2001.
[69]
F. Liu, Y. Li, and G. Tang, “A quick and practicable power flow tracing method on electric energy market part II: a new practicable method,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 3, pp. 1238–1243, Columbus, Ohio, USA, February 2001.
[70]
R. Reta and A. Vargas, “Electricity tracing and loss allocation methods based on electric concepts,” IEE Proceedings—Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 148, no. 6, pp. 518–522, 2001.
[71]
J. C. Peng and H. Jiang, “Contributions of individual generators to complex power losses and flows—part 1: fundamental theory,” IEE Proceedings—Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 182–185, 2002.
[72]
J. C. Peng and H. Jiang, “Contributions of individual generators to complex power losses and flows—part 2: algorithm and simulations,” IEE Proceedings—Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 186–190, 2002.
[73]
Y. C. Chang and C. N. Lu, “Electricity tracing method with application to power loss allocation,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy System, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 13–17, 2001.
[74]
J. H. Teng, “Power flow and loss allocation for deregulated transmission systems,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 327–333, 2005.
[75]
W. M. Lin, T. S. Zhan, and C. H. Huang, “A circuit theory based load flow tracing method considering counter-flow contribution,” in Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on Instrumentation, Measurement, Circuits and Systems (IMCAS '06 ), pp. 312–317, Hangzhou, China, April 2006.
[76]
M. H. Sulaiman, O. Aliman, M. W. Mustafa, and I. Daut, “Tracing generators' output in transmission open access,” in Proceedings of the 5th Student Conference on Research and Development (SCORED '07), pp. 1–6, Selangor, Malaysia, December 2007.
[77]
Y. Meng and B. Jeyasurya, “Investigation of transmission cost allocation using a power flow tracing method,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 1–7, Tampa, Fla, USA, June 2007.
[78]
M. Mohammadi, A. Ebrahimi, and T. Daemi, “Accurate determination of active power transmission paths for contribution allocation of generating units,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems (EPECS '09), pp. 1–5, November 2009.
[79]
Z. J. Qu, J. H. Qin, X. T. Wang, H. Bao, and C. Zhou, “A power flow tracing method based on the circuit analysis of power supply path,” in Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC '11), pp. 1–6, Wuhan, China, March 2011.
[80]
A. J. Conejo, F. D. Galiana, and I. Kockar, “Z-bus loss allocation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 105–110, 2001.
[81]
J. Zhaoxia, D. Xianzhong, and H. Yangzan, “A new expression-analysis-based losses allocation method,” in Proceedings of the IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition 2002: Asia Pacific, vol. 3, pp. 1982–1985, October 2002.
[82]
N. Zhao, Y. H. Song, Z. H. Bie, S. Takahash, and Y. Sekine, “Improved Z-bus loss allocation method through redistribution,” in Proceedings of the 39th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC '04), vol. 3, pp. 1101–1105, September 2004.
[83]
J. S. Daniel, R. S. Salgado, and M. R. Irving, “Transmission loss allocation through a modified Y-Bus,” IEE Proceedings—Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 152, no. 2, pp. 208–214, 2005.
[84]
A. Kazemi and H. Andami, “Multi-area power system loss allocation using Z-bus method,” in Proceedings of the 1st International Power and Energy Conference (PECon '06), pp. 286–291, Putra Jaya, Malaysia, November 2006.
[85]
A. J. Conejo, J. Contreras, D. A. Lima, and A. Padilha-Feltrin, “Zbustransmission network cost allocation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 342–349, 2007.
[86]
S. V. N. L. Lalitha and M. Sydulu, “A direct method for transmission network cost allocation,” in Proceedings of the IEEE TENCON Region 10 Conference, pp. 1–6, Hyderabad, India, November 2008.
[87]
A. Parastar, A. Pirayesh, B. Mozafari, B. Khaki, R. Sirjani, and A. Mehrtash, “A new method for power loss allocation by modified Y-Bus matrix,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET '08), pp. 1184–1188, Singapore, November 2008.
[88]
A. Parastar, B. Mozafari, A. Pirayesh, and H. Omidi, “Transmission loss allocation through modified Z-bus,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 752–756, 2011.
[89]
M. W. Mustafa, S. N. Khalid, H. Shareef, and A. Khairuddin, “A new method for real power transfer allocation using modified nodal equations,” in Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Power and Energy Conference (PECon '08), pp. 1306–1310, Johor Baharu, Malaysia, December 2008.
[90]
Y. P. Chen and W. C. Chu, “Redistribution of transmission loss based on z-bus method,” in Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Power and Energy Conference (PECon '08), pp. 1016–1020, Johor Baharu, Malaysia, December 2008.
[91]
H. Shareef, M. W. Mustafa, S. Abd Khalid, A. Khairuddin, A. Kalam, and A. Maung Than Oo, “Real and reactive power transfer allocation utilizing modified Nodal equations,” International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, vol. 9, no. 6, article 4, 2008.
[92]
S. Kilyeni, O. Pop, G. Prostean, and C. Craciun, “Transmission cost allocation based on power flow tracing using Z bus matrix,” in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP '10), pp. 1–6, Bergamo, Italy, September 2010.
[93]
A. J. Conejo, N. Alguacil, and G. Fernández-Ruiz, “Allocation of the cost of transmission losses using a radial equivalent network,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1353–1358, 2003.
[94]
J. G. Vlachogiannis and K. Y. Lee, “Determining generator contributions to transmission system using parallel vector evaluated particle swarm optimization,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1765–1774, 2005.
[95]
A. R. Abhyankar, S. A. Soman, and S. A. Khaparde, “New paradigm of tracing algorithms: application to fair loss allocation in Indian system,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Future Power Systems, p. 6, November 2005.
[96]
A. R. Abhyankar, S. A. Soman, and S. A. Khaparde, “Allocation of fixed transmission costs by tracing compliant postage stamp method,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC '05), pp. 1–132, Singapore, December 2005.
[97]
A. R. Abhyankar, S. A. Khaparde, S. A. Soman, and P. Pentayya, “A transmission pricing mechanism based on power tracing for central transmission utility in India,” International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, article 1033, 2005.
[98]
A. R. Abhyankar, S. A. Soman, and S. A. Khaparde, “Real power tracing: an optimization approach,” International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, vol. 3, no. 2, article 1088, 2005.
[99]
A. R. Abhyankar, S. A. Soman, and S. A. Khaparde, “Tractability of bilateral transactions considering multiplicity of solution space in real power tracing,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power India Conference, p. 8, New Delhi, India, April 2006.
[100]
A. R. Abhyankar, S. A. Soman, and S. A. Khaparde, “Optimization approach to real power tracing: an application to transmission fixed cost allocation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1350–1361, 2006.
[101]
A. R. Abhyankar, S. A. Khaparde, and S. A. Soman, “Multiple solutions approach to tackle circular flows in real power tracing,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, p. 8, June 2006.
[102]
A. R. Abhyankar, S. A. Soman, and S. A. Khaparde, “Min-max fairness criteria for transmission fixed cost allocation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 2094–2104, 2007.
[103]
N. A. Amoli and S. Jadid, “Allocation of loss cost by optimal and proportional tracing methods,” in Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Power and Energy Conference (PECon '08), pp. 994–999, Johor Baharu, Malaysia, December 2008.
[104]
Z. Hamid, I. Musirin, M. M. Othman, and N. A. Rahim, “Evolutionary programming based load tracing optimization in deregulated power system,” http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2011/Meloneras/ACELAE/ACELAE-27.pdf.
[105]
Z. A. Hamid, I. Musirin, M. M. Othman, and M. N. A. Rahim, “A novel technique for generation tracing via evolutionary programming,” in Proceedings of the 5th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO '11), pp. 381–386, Selangor, Malaysia, June 2011.
[106]
M. S. S. Rao, S. A. Soman, P. Chitkara, R. K. Gajbhiye, N. Hemachandra, and B. L. Menezes, “Min-max fair power flow tracing for transmission system usage cost allocation: a large system perspective,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1457–1468, 2010.
[107]
A. Basak, S. Pal, A. R. Abhyankar, and B. K. Panigrahi, “Modified equivalent bilateral exchange of transmission pricing using DIWO,” in Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES '10), pp. 1–6, New Delhi, India, December 2010.
[108]
K. Visakha, D. Thukaram, L. Jenkins, H. P. Khincha, and P. K. Routray, “An approach for evaluation of transmisses charges based on desired and deviations of power contracts in open access,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management (APSCOM '03), pp. 860–866, Hong Kong, China, November 2003.
[109]
K. Visakha, D. Thukaram, and L. Jenkins, “Transmission charges of power contracts based on relative electrical distances in open access,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 153–161, 2004.
[110]
D. Thukaram and C. Vyjayanthi, “Ranking of prospective new generation location for a power network in a deregulated system,” in Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON '08), pp. 1–8, New Delhi, India, October 2008.
[111]
D. Thukaram and C. Vyjayanthi, “Evaluation of charges for power transmission and losses in bilateral power contracts,” in Proceedings of the IEEE TENCON Region 10 Conference, pp. 1–6, Hyderabad, India, November 2008.
[112]
D. Thukaram and C. Vyjayanthi, “Relative electrical distance concept for evaluation of network reactive power and loss contributions in a deregulated system,” IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 1000–1019, 2009.
[113]
Y. Tsukamoto and I. Iyoda, “Allocation of fixed transmission cost to wheeling transactions by cooperative game theory,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power Industry Computer Application Conference, pp. 3–10, May 1995.
[114]
P. A. Kattuman, R. J. Green, and J. W. Bialek, “A tracing method for pricing inter area electricity trades,” http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/286/1/wp0107.pdf.
[115]
C. S. K. Yeung and A. S. Y. Poon, “Game theoretical multi-agent modelling of coalition formation for multilateral trades,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 929–934, 1999.
[116]
C. W. Yu, A. K. David, and Y. K. Wong, “The use of game theory in transmission embedded cost allocation,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management (APSCOM '00), vol. 1, pp. 139–143, October 2000.
[117]
C. W. Yu and Y. K. Wong, “Analysis of transmission embedded cost allocation scheme in open electricity market,” Resource, Energy and Development, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2006.
[118]
X. Tan and T. T. Lie, “Application of the shapley value on transmission cost allocation in the competitive power market environment,” IEE Proceedings—Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 15–20, 2002.
[119]
C. W. Yu, A. K. David, C. T. Tse, and C. Y. Chung, “Capacity-use and reliability based transmission embedded cost allocation with temporal considerations,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 201–208, 2003.
[120]
J. M. Zolezzi and H. Rudnick, “Transmission cost allocation by cooperative games and coalition formation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1008–1015, 2002.
[121]
G. C. Stamtsis and I. Erlich, “Use of cooperative game theory in power system fixed-cost allocation,” IEE Proceedings—Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 151, no. 3, pp. 401–406, 2004.
[122]
E. Bjorndal, G. C. Stamtsis, and I. Erlich, “Finding core solutions for power system fixed cost allocation,” IEE Proceedings—Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 152, no. 2, pp. 173–179, 2005.
[123]
M. Junqueira, L. C. da Costa Jr., L. A. Barroso, G. C. Oliveira, L. M. Thomé, and M. V. Pereira, “An Aumann-Shapley approach to allocate transmission service cost among network users in electricity markets,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1532–1546, 2007.
[124]
R. Bhakar, V. S. Sriram, N. Prasad Padhy, and H. O. Gupta, “Network embedded cost allocation: a game-theoretic approach,” in Proceedings of the 32nd National Systems Conference, NSC, December 2008.
[125]
R. Bhakar, V. S. Sriram, N. P. Padhy, and H. O. Gupta, “Probabilistic game approaches for network cost allocation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 51–58, 2010.
[126]
J. M. Zolezzi and H. Rudnick, “Consumers coordination and cooperation in transmission cost allocation,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Power Tech Conference, vol. 3, p. 7, Bologna, Italy, June 2003.
[127]
H. Singh, S. Hao, A. Papalexopoulos, and M. Obessis, “Cost allocation in electric power networks using cooperative game theory,” http://www.eeeconsulting.net/pub_1/p1_costallocation.pdf.
[128]
S. Balagopalan and V. S. Anooja, “Cooperative game theory for sharing transmission charges in electricity markets,” in Proceedings of the IET Conference on Reliability of Transmission and Distribution Networks (RTDN '11), pp. 1–6, London, UK, November 2011.
[129]
F. D. Galiana, A. J. Conejo, and H. A. Gil, “Transmission network cost allocation based on equivalent bilateral exchanges,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1425–1431, 2003.
[130]
J. O. F. Silva, P. Cuervo, and J. C. Mateus, “Revenue adequacy procedure in congested networks through equivalent bilateral exchanges,” in Proceedings of the CIGRE/IEEE PES International Symposium, pp. 44–51, New Orleans, La, USA, October 2005.
[131]
J. O. F. Silva and P. Cuervo, “Allocating congestion management costs through use-based principle of equivalent bilateral exchanges,” in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on the European Electricity Market, EEM, pp. 1–6, Lisbon, Portugal, May 2008.
[132]
J. C. Mateus and P. C. Franco, “Transmission loss allocation through equivalent bilateral exchanges and economical analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1799–1807, 2005.
[133]
S. Nouri and S. Jadid, “Transmission network loss allocation via equivalent bilateral exchanges principle and genetic algorithm,” in Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Power and Energy Conference (PECon '08), pp. 1311–1316, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, December 2008.
