The genome sequence of Haloferax volcanii is available and several comparative genomic in silico studies were performed that yielded novel insight for example into protein export, RNA modifications, small non-coding RNAs, and ubiquitin-like Small Archaeal Modifier Proteins. The full range of functional genomic methods has been established and results from transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic studies are discussed. Notably, Hfx. volcanii is together with Halobacterium salinarum the only prokaryotic species for which a translatome analysis has been performed. The results revealed that the fraction of translationally-regulated genes in haloarchaea is as high as in eukaryotes. A highly efficient genetic system has been established that enables the application of libraries as well as the parallel generation of genomic deletion mutants. Facile mutant generation is complemented by the possibility to culture Hfx. volcanii in microtiter plates, allowing the phenotyping of mutant collections. Genetic approaches are currently used to study diverse biological questions–from replication to posttranslational modification—and selected results are discussed. Taken together, the wealth of functional genomic and genetic tools make Hfx. volcanii a bona fide archaeal model species, which has enabled the generation of important results in recent years and will most likely generate further breakthroughs in the future. 1. Introduction On the one hand, biology tries to represent the biodiversity that is found in nature; in contrast to other natural sciences such as physics, this makes it nearly impossible to derive general rules. On the other hand, biology has profited tremendously from studies of so-called “model species,” for example, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis for Gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe for fungi, Drosophila melanogaster for developmental biology, and, increasingly, the mouse for higher eukaryotes. Therefore, it is desirable to have a few model species for the third domain of life, the Archaea, and Haloferax volcanii has already been discussed as a suitable candidate [1]. There has been rapid progress in understanding the biology of Hfx. volcanii in the last five years. Therefore, results obtained in recent years will be reviewed here, with attention to (1) “functional genomics,” that is, the bioinformatic analysis of the genome sequence, transcriptomics, translatomics, proteomics, and metabolomics and (2) the genetic system of Hfx. volcanii and its application in characterizing a
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