Background. In some cases, the ureteral stone is simultaneously stabilized by a stone basket when endourologic lithotripsy is performed. This stabilization can be either on purpose or by accident. By accident means that an impaction in the ureter occurs by an extraction of a stone with a basket. A stabilization on purpose means to avoid a retropulsion of the stone into the kidney during lithotripsy. At this part of the operation, stone baskets have been frequently damaged. This severing of wires can lead to ureteral trauma because of hook formation. Material and Methods. In a laboratory setting, the time and the pulse numbers were measured until breaking the wires from four different nitinol stone baskets by using five different lithotripsy devices. The endpoint was gross visibledamage to the wire and loss of electric conduction. Results. The Ho:YAG laser and the ultrasonic device were able to destroy almost all the wires. The ballistic devices and the electrohydraulic device were able to destroy thin wires. Conclusion. The operating surgeon should know the risk of damagefor every lithotripter. The Ho:YAG-laser and the ultrasonic device should be classified as dangerous for the basket wire with all adverse effects to the patient. 1. Introduction In the past years, the number of endoscopic procedures in western countries has increased [1, 2]. One endoscopic procedure is endourological lithotripsy, in which the stone is destroyed within the ureter. Sometimes the stone is simultaneously stabilized by a stone basket. This stabilization could be on purpose or by accident. By accident means that an impaction in the ureter occurs by an extraction of a stone with a basket. A stabilization on purpose means to avoid a retropulsion into the kidney during a lithotripsy. At this part of the operation, stone baskets have been frequently destroyed [3]. This severing of wires can lead to ureteral trauma because of hook formation [4]. On the other hand, it could release the impacted stone from the basket by serving all wires of the basket [5]. Fragmentation of stone baskets is well known as a result of using the Ho:YAG laser. For other lithotripters, there exists just one study until now [6]. Baskets with a diameter of 3?F were destroyed by lasers in 15 to 34 seconds, and tipless baskets (1.8?F diameter) were destroyed in 1 to 4 seconds with pulse energy of 0, 8, and 2?J at a pulse frequency of 5?Hz. The guidance of the optical fiber occurred by means of a cystoscope in a basin filled with water (Honeck et al., 2006) [7]. Cordes et al. [6] confirm these results in an
References
[1]
M. Lee and S. V. Bariol, “Evolution of stone management in Australia,” The British Journal of Urology International, vol. 108, supplement 2, pp. 29–33, 2011.
[2]
G. Raynal, B. Merlet, and O. Traxer, “In-hospital stays for urolithiasis: analysis of French national data,” Progres en Urologie, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 459–462, 2011.
[3]
A. D. Smith, G. Baldlani, D. Bagley, et al., Eds., Textbook of Endourology, BC Decker Publishing, Ontario, Canada, 2nd edition, 2007.
[4]
M. L. Gallentine, J. T. Bishoff, and W. J. Harmon, “The broken stone basket: configuration and technique for removal,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 911–914, 2001.
[5]
J. M. H. Teichman and A. D. Kamerer, “Use of the holmium: YAG laser for the impacted stone basket,” Journal of Urology, vol. 164, no. 5, pp. 1602–1603, 2000.
[6]
J. Cordes, B. Lange, D. Jocham, and I. Kausch, “Destruction of stone extraction basket during an in vitro lithotripsy—a comparison of four lithotripters,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1359–1362, 2011.
[7]
P. Honeck, G. Wendt-Nordahl, A. H?cker, P. Alken, and T. Knoll, “Risk of collateral damage to endourologic tools by holmium:YAG laser energy,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 495–497, 2006.
[8]
H. Buelow and H. G. W. Frohmueller, “Electrohydraulic lithotripsy with aspiration of the fragments under vision. 304 consecutive cases,” Journal of Urology, vol. 126, no. 4, pp. 454–456, 1981.
[9]
R. Hautmann, B. Terhorst, P. Rathert, et al., “Ultrasonic lithololapaxy of bladder stones—10 years of experience with more than 400 cases,” in Urinary Stones, R. Ryall, J. G. Brockis, and V. Marshal, Eds., pp. 120–124, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK, 1984.
[10]
R. Goodfriend, “Ultrasonic and electrohydraulic lithotripsy of ureteral calculi,” Urology, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 5–8, 1984.
[11]
J. L. Huffmann, “Ureteroscopy,” in Campbell's Urology, P. C. Walsh, A. B. Retick, E. D. Vaughan, and A. J. Wein, Eds., p. 2776, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 6th edition, 1997.
[12]
M. Robert, A. Bennani, J. Guiter, M. Averous, and D. Grasset, “Treatment of 150 ureteric calculi with the Lithoclast,” European Urology, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 212–215, 1994.
[13]
K. M. Bhatta, D. I. Rosen, T. J. Flotte, S. P. Dretler, and N. S. Nishioka, “Effects of shielded or unshielded laser and electrohydraulic lithotripsy on rabbit bladder,” Journal of Urology, vol. 143, no. 4, pp. 857–860, 1990.
[14]
M. Piergiovanni, F. Desgrandchamps, B. Cochand-Priollet et al., “Ureteral and bladder lesions after ballistic, ultrasonic, electrohydraulic, or laser lithotripsy,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 293–299, 1994.
[15]
J. M. Lanquetin, P. Jichlinski, R. Favre, et al., “The Swiss Lithoclast,” Journal of Urology, vol. 143, article 179a, 1992.
[16]
J. D. Denstedt, P. M. Eberwein, and R. R. Singh, “The Swiss Lithoclast: a new device for intracorporeal lithotripsy,” Journal of Urology, vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 1088–1090, 1992.
[17]
R. Vorreuther, J. Zumbe, T. Klotz, et al., “Pneumatic versus electrokinetic disintegration in the treatment of ureteric stones,” Journal of Urology, vol. 153, article 512A, 1995.
[18]
H. Schulze, A. Zimmermann, G. Haupt, et al., “The elektrokinetic lithotripter (EKL) for endoscopic stone disintegration,” Journal of Urology, vol. 10, pp. 417–420, 1996.
[19]
P. Menezes, P. V. S. Kumar, and A. G. Timoney, “A randomized trial comparing lithoclast with an electrokinetic lithotripter in the management of ureteric stones,” The British Journal of Urology International, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 22–25, 2000.
[20]
J. D. Denstedt, H. A. Razvi, J. L. Sales, and P. M. Eberwein, “Preliminary experience with holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 255–258, 1995.
[21]
G. J. Vassar, K. F. Chan, J. M. H. Teichman et al., “Holmium:YAG lithotripsy: photothermal mechanism,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 181–190, 1999.
[22]
J. M. H. Teichman, G. J. Vassar, J. T. Bishoff, and G. C. Bellman, “Holmium:YAG lithotripsy yields smaller fragments than lithoclast, pulsed dye laser or electrohydraulic lithotripsy,” Journal of Urology, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 17–23, 1998.
[23]
A. J. Marks and J. M. H. Teichman, “Lasers in clinical urology: state of the art and new horizons,” World Journal of Urology, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 227–233, 2007.
[24]
E. Dormia, “Dormia basket: standard technique, observations and general concepts,” Urology, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 437, 1982.
[25]
J. L. Huffman, D. H. Bagley, and E. S. Lyon, “Treatment of distal ureteral calculi using rigid ureteroscope,” Urology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 574–577, 1982.
[26]
E. Dormia, D. Pozza, S. Invernizzi et al., “Limitations and complications of the use of the basket,” Archivio Italiano di Urologia, Nefrologia, Andrologia, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 423–427, 1990.
[27]
G. S. Freiha, R. D. Glickman, and J. M. H. Teichman, “Holmium:YAG laser-induced damage to guidewires: experimental study,” Journal of Endourology, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 331–336, 1997.
[28]
M. Binbay, A. Tepeler, A. Singh et al., “Evaluation of pneumatic versus holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for impacted ureteral stones,” International urology and nephrology, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 989–995, 2011.