The availability of heterogeneous devices has rapidly changed the way people access the World Wide Web that includes rich content applications such as video streaming, 3D games, video conferencing, and mobile TV. However, most of these devices' (i.e., mobile phone, PDA, smartphone, and tablet) capabilities differ in terms of built-in software and library (what they can display), display size (how the content appears), and battery supply (how long the content can be displayed). In order for the digital contents to fit the target device, content adaptation is required. There have been many projects focused on energy-aware-based content adaptation that have been designed with different goals and approaches. This paper reviews some of the representative content adaptation solutions that have been proposed during the last few years, in relation to energy consumption focusing on wireless multimedia streaming in mobile devices. Also, this paper categorizes the research work according to different classifications of multimedia content adaptation requirements. In addition, we discuss some energy-related challenges content adaptation systems. 1. Introduction According to Gartner [1], worldwide total smartphone sales to end users in 2011 increased rapidly to 472 million units which are up 58% from 2010. On the other hand, mobile broadband has become the single most dynamic ICT service reaching a 40% annual subscription growth in 2011 [2]. These facts have significantly changed the way people live today. As a result, mobile devices especially smartphones and tablets are dominating the way we consume digital content online. As these devices come with larger and crisper screens, high speed connectivity, faster processors, and improved graphics, they started to be used widely for accessing rich Internet applications such as video streaming, video conferencing, and mobile TV. However, these applications may consume a substantial amount of battery power. Thus, limited battery life in mobile devices is an important issue especially when viewing online multimedia contents [3]. In fact, almost every mobile device battery needs to recharge after not more than 12 hours of usage. Therefore, to efficiently support multimedia applications in these limited battery resource mobile devices, it has become one of the important challenges in mobile computing. On the contrary, the need for mobility requires computing systems to be as small and light as possible. Since batteries represent a significant portion of the size and weight of mobile devices, one cannot increase battery size
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