全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2014 

Seasonal Variation in the Fate of Seeds under Contrasting Logging Regimes

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090060

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Seed predators and dispersers may drive the speed and structure of forest regeneration in natural ecosystems. Rodents and ants prey upon and disperse seeds, yet empirical studies on the magnitude of these effects are lacking. Here, we examined the role of ants and rodents on seed predation in 4 plant species in a successional gradient on a tropical rainforest island. We found that (1) seeds are mostly consumed rather than dispersed; (2) rates of seed predation vary by habitat, season, and species; (3) seed size, shape, and hardness do not affect the probability of being depredated. Rodents were responsible for 70% of seed predation and were negligible (0.14%) seed dispersers, whereas ants were responsible for only 2% of seed predation and for no dispersal. We detected seasonal and habitat effects on seed loss, with higher seed predation occurring during the wet season and in old-growth forests. In the absence of predators regulating seed-consumer populations, the densities of these resilient animals explode to the detriment of natural regeneration and may reduce diversity and carrying capacity for consumers and eventually lead to ecological meltdown.

References

[1]  Morris RJ (2010) Anthropogenic impacts on tropical forest biodiversity: a network structure and ecosystem functioning perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365: 3709–3718. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0273
[2]  Hill JK, Hamer KC (2004) Determining impacts of habitat modification on diversity of tropical forest fauna: the importance of spatial scale. Journal of Applied Ecology 41: 744–754. doi: 10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00926.x
[3]  Galetti M, Dirzo R (2013) Ecological and evolutionary consequences of living in a defauned world. Biol Conserv 163: 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2013.04.020
[4]  Wright SJ (2010) The future of tropical forests. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1195: 1–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05455.x
[5]  Chazdon RL (2008) Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded land. Science 320: 1458–1460. doi: 10.1126/science.1155365
[6]  Rodrigues RR, Lima RA, Gandolfi S, Nave AG (2009) On the restoration of high diversity forests: 30 years of experience in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biol Conserv 142: 1242–1251. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.008
[7]  Wuethrich B (2007) Reconstructing Brazil's Atlantic rainforest. Science 315: 1070–1072. doi: 10.1126/science.315.5815.1070
[8]  Pickett STA, Collins SL, Armesto JJ (1987) Models, mechanisms and pathways of succession. Bot Rev 53: 335–371. doi: 10.1007/bf02858321
[9]  Peterson CJ, Carson WP (2008) Processes constraining woody species succession on abandoned pastures in the tropics: on the relevance of temperate models of succession. In: WP Carson, SA Schnitzer, editors. Tropical forest community ecology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 367–383.
[10]  Morellato LP, Haddad CFB (2000) Introduction: the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biotropica 32: 786–792. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00618.x
[11]  Palmer MA, Falk DA, Zedler JB (2006) Ecological theory and restoration ecology. In: DA Falk, MA Palmer, JB Zedler, editors. Foundations of Restoration Ecology. Washington: Island Press. pp. 1–10.
[12]  Muller-Landau HC, Wright SJ, Calderón O, Hubbell SP, Foster RB (2002) Assessing recruitment limitation: concepts, methods and case studies from a tropical forest. In: DJ Levey, WR Silva, M Galetti, editors. Seed dispersal and frugivory: ecology, evolution, and conservation. Wallingford, UK: CAB Iternational. pp. 35–53.
[13]  Terborgh J, Pitman N, Silman M, Schnitzer H, Nú?ez V (2002) Maintenance of tree diversity in tropical forests. In: DJ Levey, WR Silva, M Galetti, editors. Seed dispersal and frugivory: ecology, evolution and conservation. Wallingford: CABI International. pp. 1–17.
[14]  Wijdeven SMJ, Kuzee ME (2000) Seed availability as a limiting factor in forest recovery processes in Costa Rica. Restor Ecol 8: 414–424. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80056.x
[15]  Farwig N, Berens DG (2012) Imagine a world without seed dispersers: a review of threats, consequences and future directions. Basic Appl Ecol 13: 109–115. doi: 10.1016/j.baae.2012.02.006
[16]  Howe HF, Smallwood J (1982) Ecology of seed dispersal. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 13: 201–228. doi: 10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001221
[17]  Aide TM, Cavelier J (1994) Barriers to lowland tropical forest restoration in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Restor Ecol 2: 219–229. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.1994.tb00054.x
[18]  Nepstad DC, Uhl C, Pereira CA, Silva JMC (1996) A comparative study of tree establishmentin abandoned pasture and mature forest of eastern Amazonia. Oikos 75: 25–39. doi: 10.2307/3545745
[19]  Munro NT, Fischer J, Barrett G, Wood J, Leavesley A, et al. (2011) Bird's response to revegetation of different structure and floristics - are “restoration plantings” restoring bird communities? Restor Ecol 19: 223–235. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2010.00703.x
[20]  VanderWall SB, Kuhn KM, Beck M (2005) Seed removal, seed predation, and secondary dispersal. Ecology 86: 801–806. doi: 10.1890/04-0847
[21]  Galetti M, Donatti CI, Pires AS, Guimar?es PR, Jordano P (2006) Seed survival and dispersal of an endemic Atlantic forest palm: the combined effects of defaunation and forest fragmentation. Bot J Linn Soc 151: 141–149. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00529.x
[22]  Guimar?es PR, Galetti M, Jordano P (2008) Seed dispersal anachronisms: rethinking the fruits extinct megafauna ate. PLoS One 3: 1745. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001745
[23]  Terborgh J, Lopez L, Nu?ez VP, Rao M, Shahabuddin G, et al. (2001) Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science 294: 1923–1926. doi: 10.1126/science.1064397
[24]  Hulme PE, Kollmann J (2005) Seed predator guilds, spatial variation in post-dispersal seed predation and potential effects on plant demography: temperate perspective. In: P-M Forget, JE Lambert, PE Hulme, SB Vander Wall, editors. Seed fate: predation, dispersal, and seedling establishment. Wallingford: CAB International. pp. 9–30.
[25]  Muller-Landau HC (2007) Predicting the long-term effects of hunting on plant species composition and diversity in tropical forests. Biotropica 39: 372–384. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00290.x
[26]  Fleury M, Galetti M (2006) Forest fragment size and microhabitat effects on palm seed predation. Biol Conserv 131: 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.049
[27]  Houghton RA (2010) How well do we know the flux of CO2 from land-use change? Tellus B Chem Phys Meteorol 62: 337–351. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00473.x
[28]  Dirzo R, Mendoza E, Ortíz O (2007) Size-related differential seed predation in a heavily defaunated Neotropical rain forest. Biotropica 39: 355–362. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00274.x
[29]  Jones ER, Curran LM, Wright DD, Mack AL (2008) Differential effects of mammalian seed predators on the regeneration of five Papua New Ginean tree species and implications for sapling recruitment. J Trop Ecol 24: 259–267. doi: 10.1017/s026646740800494x
[30]  Connel JH, Slayter RO (1977) Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stabiliy and organization. Am Nat 111: 1119–1144.
[31]  Luize BG, Carvalho MH, Fleury M, Galetti M (2007) A disponibilidade de frutos zoocóricos de espécies arbóreas e arbustivas em três ambientes do Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta, SP. II Workshop - fenologia como ferramenta para consera??o e manejo de recursos vegetais arbóreos. Curitiba, PR: Embrapa Florestas.
[32]  Forget P-M, Wenny DG (2005) How to elucidate seed fate? A review of methods used to study seed removal and secondary seed dispersal. In: PM Forget, JE Lambert, PE Hulme, SB Vander Wall, editors. Seed fate: predation, dispersal and seedling establishment. Wallington, UK: CAB International. pp. 379–394.
[33]  Guillaumon JR, Marcondes MAP, Negreiros OC, Mota IS, Emmerich W, et al. (1989) Plano de Manejo do Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta. S?o Paulo. 103 p.
[34]  Nogales M, Heleno R, Traveset A, Vargas P (2012) Evidence for overlooked mechanisms of long-distance seed dispersal to and between oceanic islands. New Phytol 194: 313–317. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04051.x
[35]  Calderón-Miller L (2008) Chuva de sementes e limita??o ao recrutamento em diferentes fisionomias da Ilha Anchieta [Disserta??o de Mestrado]. Rio Claro, SP: UNESP. 74 p.
[36]  Svenning J-C, Brorchsenius F, Bjorholm S, Balsev H (2008) High tropical net diversification drives the New World latitudinal gradient in palm (Arecaceae) species richness. J Biogeogr 35: 394–406. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01841.x
[37]  Pardini R, Bueno AA, Gardner TA, Prado PI, Metzger JP (2010) Beyond the fragmentation threshold hypothesis: regime shifts in biodiversity across fragmented landscapes. PLoS One 5: e13666. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013666
[38]  Pardini R, de Souza SM, Braga-Neto R, Metzger JP (2005) The role of forest structure, fragment size and corridors in maintaining small mammal abundance and diversity in an Atlantic forest landscape. Biol Conserv 124: 253–266. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.033
[39]  Harrington G, Irvine A, Crome F, Moore L (1997) Regeneration of Large-Seeded Trees in Australian Rainforest Fragments: A Study of Higher-Order Interactions. In: R Bierregaard, W Laurance, editors. Tropical Forest Remnants : Ecology, Management and Conservation of Fragmented Communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 292–303.
[40]  Kasangaki A, Kityo R, Kerbis J (2003) Diversity of rodents and shrews along an elevational gradient in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, south-western Uganda. Afr J Ecol 41: 115–123. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2028.2003.00383.x
[41]  Suntsov VV, Ly TVH, Adler GH (2003) Distribution of rodents along a gradient of disturbance on the Tay Nguyen Plateau of southern Viet Nam. Mammalia 67: 379–384. doi: 10.1515/mamm.2003.67.3.379
[42]  Bovendorp R, Galetti M (2007) Density and population size of mammals introduced on a land-bridge island in southeastern Brazil. Biol Invasions 9: 353–357. doi: 10.1007/s10530-006-9031-7
[43]  Bovendorp R, Neves CL, Galetti M (2013) Phenotypic changes and small impoverishment on a Brazilian Atlantic Forest island. Mammalia 77: 51–58. doi: 10.1515/mammalia-2011-0099
[44]  Blate GM, Peart DR, Leighton M (1998) Post-dispersal predation on isolated seeds: a comparative study of 40 tree species of a Southeast Asia rainforest. Oikos 82: 522–538. doi: 10.2307/3546373
[45]  Myster RW (2004) Regeneration filters in post-agricultural fileds of Puerto Rico and Ecuador. Plant Ecol 172: 199–209. doi: 10.1023/b:vege.0000026338.57498.40
[46]  Osunkoya OO (1994) Postdispersal suvivorship of north Queensland and rainforest seeds and fruits - effects of forest, habitat and species. Aust J Ecol 19: 52–64. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1994.tb01543.x
[47]  Wright SJ (2002) Plant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms and species coexistence. Oecologia 130: 1–14.
[48]  Jansen PA, Bongers F, Hemerik L (2004) Seed mass and mast seeding enhance dispersal by a Neotropical scatter-hoarding rodent. Ecol Monogr 74: 569–589. doi: 10.1890/03-4042
[49]  Galetti M, Donatti CI, Steffler C, Genini J, Bovendorp R, et al. (2010) The role of seed mass on the caching decision by agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina). Zoologia 27: 472–476. doi: 10.1590/s1984-46702010000300022
[50]  Cole RJ (2009) Postdispersal seed fate of tropical montane trees in an agricultural landscape, southern Costa Rica. Biotropica 41: 319–327. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00490.x
[51]  Brancalion PHS, Rodrigues RR, Novembre ADLC, Gómez JM (2011) Are We Misinterpreting Seed Predation in Palms? Biotropica 43: 12–14. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00726.x
[52]  Donatti CI, Guimar?es PR, Galetti M (2009) Seed dispersal and predationin the endemic Atlantic rainforest palm Astrocaryum aculeatissimum across a gradient of seed disperser abundance. Ecol Res 24: 1187–1195. doi: 10.1007/s11284-009-0601-x
[53]  Thompson K, Brand SR, Hodgson JG (1993) Seed size and shape predict persistence in the soil. Funct Ecol 7: 236–241. doi: 10.2307/2389893
[54]  Silvius KM (2002) Spatio-temporal patterns of palm endocarp use by three Amazonian forest mammals: granivory or ‘grubivory’? J Trop Ecol 18: 707–723. doi: 10.1017/s0266467402002468
[55]  Silvius KM, Fragoso JV (2003) Red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) home range use in an Amazonian forest: implications for the aggregated distribution of forest trees. Biotropica 35: 74–83. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00264.x
[56]  Emsens W-J, Suselbeek L, Hirsch BT, Kays R, Winkelhagen AJS, et al. (2013) Effects of food availability on space and refuge use by a Neotropical scatterhoarding rodent. Biotropica 45: 88–93. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2012.00888.x
[57]  Aliaga-Rossel E, Kays RW, Fragoso JV (2008) Home-range use by the Central American agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) on Barro Colorado Island. J Trop Ecol 24: 367–374. doi: 10.1017/s0266467408005129
[58]  Meyer ST, Leal IR, Tabarelli M, Wirth R (2011) Ecosystem engineering by leaf-cutting ants: nests of Atta cephalotes drastically alter forest structure and microclimate. Ecol Entomol 36: 14–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01241.x
[59]  Mather A (1992) The forest transition. Area 24: 367–379.
[60]  Guariguata MR, Ostertag R (2001) Neotropical secondary forest succession: changes in structural and functional characteristics. Forest Ecology and Management 148: 185–206. doi: 10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00535-1
[61]  Hulme PE (1994) Post-dispersal seed predation in grassland: its magnitude and sources of variation. J Ecol 82: 645–652. doi: 10.2307/2261271
[62]  LI-COR (1991) Plant canopy analyser operating manual. Lincoln, NE: LI-COR Inc. 90 p.
[63]  Bencke CSC, Morellato LPC (2002) Compara??o de dois métodos de avalia??o da fenologia de plantas, sua interpreta??o e representa??o. Rev Bras Bot 25: 269–275. doi: 10.1590/s0100-84042002000300003
[64]  Fournier LA (1974) Un método cuantitativo para la medición de características fenológicas en árboles. Turrialba 24.
[65]  Genini J, Galetti M, Morellato LPC (2009) Fruiting phenology of palms and trees in an Atlantic rainforest land-bridge island. Flora 204: 131–145. doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2008.01.002
[66]  Wirth R, Meyer ST, Almeida WR, Araújo MV, Barbosa VS, et al. (2007) Increasing densities of leaf-cutting ants (Atta spp.) with proximity to the edge in a Brazilian Atlantic forest. J Trop Ecol 23: 501–505. doi: 10.1017/s0266467407004221
[67]  Urbas P, Araújo MV, Leal IR, Wirth R (2007) Cutting more from cut forests: edge effects on foraging an herbivory of leaf-cutting ants in Brazil. Biotropica 39: 489–495. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00285.x
[68]  Zar JH (1998) Biostatitical analysis. London: Prentice Hall. 929 p.
[69]  McGarigal K, Cushman S, Stafford S (2000) Multivariate statistics for wildlife and ecology research. New York, NY: Springer. 283 p.
[70]  Legendre P, Legendre L (1998) Numerical ecology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science BV. 853 p.
[71]  Borcard D, Gillet F, Legendre P (2011) Numerical ecology with R. New York: Springer. 306 p.
[72]  R-Development Core Team (2011) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available: http://www.R-project.org/. 2.14.0.
[73]  Holl KD, Lulow ME (1997) Effects of species, habitat, and distance from edge on post-dispersal seed predation in a tropical rainforest. Biotropica 29: 459–468. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.1997.tb00040.x
[74]  Duncan RS, Duncan VE (2000) Forest succession and distance from forest edge in an Afro-topical grassland. Biotropica 32: 33–41. doi: 10.1646/0006-3606(2000)032[0033:fsadff]2.0.co;2
[75]  Notman EM, Villegas AC (2005) Patterns of seed predation by vertebrate versus invertebrate seeds predators among different plant species, seasons and spatial distributions. In: P-M Forget, JE Lambert, PE Hulme, SB Vander Wall, editors. Seed fate: predation, dispersal and seedling establishment. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. pp. 55–75.
[76]  Davidson DW, Brown JH, Inouye RS (1980) Competition and structure of granivore communities. BioScience 30: 233–238. doi: 10.2307/1307877
[77]  Dalling JW (2005) The fate of seed banks: factors influencing seed survival for light-demanding species in moist tropical forests. In: P-M Forget, JE Lambert, PE Hulme, SB Vander Wall, editors. Seed fate: predation, dispersal and seedling establishment. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. pp. 31–44.
[78]  Asquith NM, Wright SJ, Clauss MJ (1997) Does mammal community composition control recruitment in neotropical forests? Evidence from Panama. Ecology 78: 941–946. doi: 10.2307/2266071
[79]  Notman E, Gorchov DL (2001) Variation in post-dispersal seed predation in mature peruvian lowland tropical forest and fallow agricultural sites. Biotropica 33: 621–636. doi: 10.1646/0006-3606(2001)033[0621:vipdsp]2.0.co;2
[80]  Pe?a-Claros M, deBoo H (2002) The effect of forest successional stage on seed removal of tropical rainforest tree species. J Trop Ecol 18: 261–274. doi: 10.1017/s0266467402002171
[81]  Forget PM (1996) Removal of seeds of Carapa procera (Meliaceae) by rodents and their fate in rainforest in French Guiana. J Trop Ecol 12: 751–761. doi: 10.1017/s0266467400009998
[82]  Jansen PA, Elschot K, Verkerk PJ, Wright SJ (2010) Seed predation and defleshing in the agouti-dispersed palm Astrocaryum standleyanum. J Trop Ecol 26: 473–480. doi: 10.1017/s0266467410000337
[83]  Burkey TV (1993) Edge effects in seed and egg predation at two Neotropical Rainforest sites. Biol Conserv 66: 139–143. doi: 10.1016/0006-3207(93)90145-q
[84]  VanderWall SB (1990) Food hoarding by animals. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 445 p.
[85]  Asquith NM, Terborgh J, Arnold AE, Riveros CM (1999) The fruits the agouti ate: Hymenaea courbaril seed fate when its disperser is absent. J Trop Ecol 15: 229–235. doi: 10.1017/s0266467499000772
[86]  Jansen PA, Hirsch BT, Emsens W-J, Zamora-Gutierrez V, Wikelski M, et al. (2012) Thieving rodents as substitute dispersers of megafaunal seeds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109: 23610–12615. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1205184109
[87]  Rees M, Condit R, Crawley M, Pacala S, Tilman D (2001) Long-term studies of vegetation dynamics. Science 293: 650–655. doi: 10.1126/science.1062586
[88]  Eckroyd C (1996) The ecology of Dactylanthus taylorii and threats to its survival. N Z J Ecol 20: 81–100.
[89]  Campbell DJ, Atkinson IAE (2002) Depression of tree recruitment by the Pacific rat (Rattus exulans Peale) on New Zealand's northern offshore islands. Biol Conserv 107: 19–35. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00039-3
[90]  Campbell DJ, Atkinson IAE (1999) Effects of kiore (Rattus exulans) on recruitment of indigenous coastal trees on northern offshore islands of New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 29: 265–290. doi: 10.1080/03014223.1999.9517597
[91]  Wilson DJ, Wright EF, Canham CD, Ruscoe WA (2007) Neighborhood analyses of tree seed predation by introduced rodents in a New Zealand temperate forests. Ecography 30: 105–119. doi: 10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04771.x
[92]  Fadini RF, Fleury M, Donatti CI, Galetti M (2008) Effects of frugivore impoverishment and overabundandt seed predators on the recruitment of a keystone palm in the Atlantic forest. Acta Oecologica doi:10.1016/j.actao.2008.10.001.
[93]  Bowers MA, Dooley JL Jr (1993) Predation hazard and seed removal by small mammals: microhabitat versus patch scale effects. Oecologia 94: 247–254. doi: 10.1007/bf00341324
[94]  Bowers MA, Matter SF (1997) Landscape ecology of mammals: relationships between density and patch size. J Mammal 78: 999–1013. doi: 10.2307/1383044
[95]  Fleury M, Galetti M (2004) Effects of microhabitat on palm seed predation in two forest fragments in southeast Brazil. Acta Oecologica 26: 179–184. doi: 10.1016/j.actao.2004.04.003
[96]  Wilder SM, Meikle DB (2005) Reproduction, foraging and the negative density-area relationship of a generalist rodent. Oecologia 144: 391–398. doi: 10.1007/s00442-005-0086-4
[97]  Umetsu F, Pardini R (2007) Small mammals in a mosaic of forest remnants and anthropogenic habitats e evaluating matrix quality in an Atantic forest landscape. Landsc Ecol 22: 517–530. doi: 10.1007/s10980-006-9041-y
[98]  Püttker T, Meyer-Lucht Y, Sommer S (2008) Fragmentation effects on popularion density of three rodent species in secondary Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil. Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ 43: 11–18. doi: 10.1080/01650520701553651
[99]  Williams PA, Karl BJ, Bannister P, Lee WG (2000) Small mammals as potential seed dispersers in New Zealand. Austral Ecol 25: 523–532. doi: 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01078.x
[100]  Vander Wall SB, Longland W (2004) Diplochory: are two seed dispersers better than one? Trends Ecol Evol 19: 155–161. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2003.12.004
[101]  Howe HF, Brown JS (1999) Effects of birds and rodents on synthetic tallgrass communities. Ecology 80: 1776–1781. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1776:eobaro]2.0.co;2
[102]  Krishna A, Guimar?es PR Jr, Jordano P, Bascompte J (2008) A neutral-niche theory of nestedness in mutualistic networks. Oikos 117: 1609–1618. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16540.x
[103]  Budowski G (1965) Distribution of tropical American rain forest species in the light of successional process. Turrialba 15: 40–42.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133