[1] | Boyle P, Levin P, editors (2008) World Cancer Report 2008. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
|
[2] | WHO (2013) Fact sheet N°297: Cancer.
|
[3] | David AR, Zimmerman MR (2010) Cancer: an old disease, a new disease or something in between? Nature Reviews: Cancer 10: 728–733. doi: 10.1038/nrc2914
|
[4] | McKeown RE (2009) The Epidemiologic Transition: Changing Patterns of Mortality and Population Dynamics. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 3: 19S–26S. doi: 10.1177/1559827609335350
|
[5] | Karpozilos A, Pavlidis N (2004) The treatment of cancer in Greek antiquity. European Journal of Cancer 40: 2033–2040. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.04.036
|
[6] | Nunn JF (2002) Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
|
[7] | Breasted JH (1930) The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus: Hieroglyphic transliterations, translations and commentary. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
|
[8] | Sanchez GM, Meltzer ES (2012) The Edwin Smith Papyrus: Updated Translation of the Trauma Treatise and Modern Medical Commentaries: Updated Translation of the Trauma Treatise and Modern Medical Commentaries. Atlanta: Lockwood Press.
|
[9] | Mukherjee S (2010) The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer: Scribner.
|
[10] | Stearns SC (2012) Evolutionary medicine: its scope, interest and potential. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Biological Science 279: 4305–4321. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1326
|
[11] | Nesse RM, Williams GC (1994) Why we get sick. The new science of Darwinian medicine. New York: Vintage Books.
|
[12] | Manderson L (2011) Anthropologies of cancer and risk uncertainty and disruption. In: Singer M, Erickson PI, editors. A companion to medical anthropology 1st Edition. Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Limited. pp. 323–338.
|
[13] | Brown PJ, Armelagos GJ, Maes KC (2011) Humans in a world of microbes: the anthropology of infectious diseases. In: Singer M, Erickson PI, editors. A companion to medical anthropology 1st Edition. Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Limited. pp. 253–270.
|
[14] | Buikstra J, Roberts C, editors (2012) The Global History of Paleopathology: Oxford University Press.
|
[15] | Dorfman HD, Czerniak B (1998) Bone Tumors. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc.
|
[16] | Bertram JS (2000) The molecular biology of cancer. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 21: 167–223. doi: 10.1016/s0098-2997(00)00007-8
|
[17] | Greenspan A, Remagen W (1998) Differential Diagnosis of Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of Bones and Joints. Philadelphia, New York: Lippincott-Raven.
|
[18] | Barrett R, Kuzawa CW, McDade T, Armelagos GJ (1998) Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: The Third Epidemiologic Transition. Annual Reviews in Anthropology 27: 247–271. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.27.1.247
|
[19] | Ortner DJ (2003) Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. London: Academic Press. 645 p.
|
[20] | Franceschi S, Wild CP (2013) Meeting the global demands of epidemiologic transition – The indispensable role of cancer prevention. Molecular Oncology 7: 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.10.010
|
[21] | Cox M (2000) Ageing Adults from the Skeleton. In: Cox M, Mays S, editors. Human Osteology: In Archaeology and Forensic Science. London: Greenwich Medical Media. pp. 61–81.
|
[22] | Chamberlain A (2006) Demography in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 235 p.
|
[23] | Gabler K (2009) Die Medja - dein Lieferant und Helfer. Untersuchungen zu medja von Deir el-Medine anhand von Ostraka und Papyri [in German, unpublished master thesis]. München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit?t
|
[24] | Parkin TG (2003) Old Age in the Roman World: A Cultural and Social History. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
|
[25] | Capasso LL (2005) Antiquity of Cancer. International Journal of Cancer 113: 2–13. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20610
|
[26] | Doll R, Peto R (1981) The Causes of Cancer: Quantitative Estimates of Avoidable Risks of Cancer in the United States Today. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 66: 1192–1308. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-1117-2_30
|
[27] | Brothwell DR (2012) Tumors: Problems of Differential Diagnosis in Paleopathology. In: Grauer AL, editor. A Companion to Paleopathology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 420–433.
|
[28] | Marks MK, Hamilton MD (2007) Metastatic Carcinoma: Palaeopathology and Differential Diagnosis. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 17: 217–234. doi: 10.1002/oa.874
|
[29] | Nerlich AG, Rohrbach H, Bachmeier B, Zink A (2006) Malignant tumors in two ancient populations: An approach to historical tumor epidemiology. Oncology Reports 16: 197–202. doi: 10.3892/or.16.1.197
|
[30] | Strouhal E, Kritscher H (1990) Neolithic case of a multiple myeloma from Mauer (Vienna, Austria). Anthropologie 28: 78–97.
|
[31] | Gladykowska-Rzeczycka J (1991) Tumors in antiquity in East and Middle Europe. In: Ortner DJ, Aufderheide AC, editors. Human Paleopathology - Current Syntheses and Future Options. Washington, London: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 251–256.
|
[32] | Rokhlin D (1966) Disease in ancient man. Moskov: Nauka Ed.
|
[33] | Strouhal E (2001) Malignant tumours in past populations in Middle Europe In: La Verghetta M, Capasso L, editors. Proceesings of the XIIIth European Meeting of the Paleopathology Association. Teramo: Edigrafical. pp. 265–272.
|
[34] | Strouhal E (1976) Tumors in the remains of Ancient Egyptians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 45: 613–620. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330450328
|
[35] | Baker BJ, Judd M (2012) Development of Paleopathology in the Nile Valley. In: Buikstra J, Roberts C, editors. The Global History of Paleopathology: Oxford University Press. pp. 209–234.
|
[36] | Pahl WM (1986) Tumors of bone and soft tissue in ancient Egypt and Nubia: a synopsis of the detected cases. International Journal of Anthropology 1: 267–275. doi: 10.1007/bf02442041
|
[37] | Strouhal E, Vyhanek L (1981) New cases of malign tumours from Late Period cemeteries at Abusir and Saqqara (Egypt). Ossa 8: 165–189.
|
[38] | Strouhal E (1993) A case of metastatic carcinoma from Christian Sayala (Egyptian Nubia). Anthropologischer Anzeiger 51: 97–115.
|
[39] | Strouhal E, Vyhnanek L (1982) New cases of malignant tumors from late period cemeteries at Abusir and Saqqara (Egypt). Ossa 8: 165–189.
|
[40] | Strouhal E (1991) A case of primary carcinoma from Christian Sayala (Egyptian Nubia). Journal of Paleopathology 3: 51–65.
|
[41] | Wells C (1963) Ancient Egyptian Pathology. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 77: 261–265. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100060606
|
[42] | Prates C, Sousa S, Oliveira C, Ikram S (2011) Prostate metastatic bone cancer in an Egyptian Ptolemaic mummy, a proposed radiological diagnosis. International Journal of Paleopathology 1: 98–103. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2011.09.002
|
[43] | Aufderheide AC, Rodríguez-Martín C (1998) The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Paleopathology. Cambrigde, New York: Cambridge University Press. 578 p.
|
[44] | Ho JHC (1972) Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. In: Klein G, Weinhouse S, editors. Advances in Cancer Research. London: Academic Press, Inc. pp. 57–92.
|
[45] | Aufderheide AC (2003) The Scientific Study of Mummies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
|
[46] | Esche E, Mummert A, Robinson J, Armelagos GJ (2010) Cancer in Egypt and Nubia. Anthropologie 48: 33–39.
|
[47] | Dupras T, de Voogt A, Francigny V, Williams L, Lacey J (2014) Advanced Metastatic Carcinoma in the Paleopathological Record: A Case Study from the Sudan. 41th Annual Meeting of the Paleopathology Association. Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
|
[48] | Spencer P (1997) Amara West I. The architectural report. London: The Egypt Exploration Society.
|
[49] | Spencer N (2012) Insights into Life in occupied Kush during the New Kingdom: New Research at Amara West. Der Antike Sudan 23: 21–28.
|
[50] | Spencer N (forthcoming) Amara West: considerations on urban life in occupied Kush. In: Welsby D, Anderson JR, editors. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference for Nubian Studies. Leuven: OLA.
|
[51] | Binder M (2011) The 10th-9th century BC - New Evidence from Cemetery C of Amara West. Sudan & Nubia 15: 39–53.
|
[52] | Binder M, Spencer N, Millet M (2011) Cemetery D at Amara West: the Ramesside Period and its aftermath. British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan.
|
[53] | Spencer N, Macklin MG, Woodward JC (2012) Reassessing the abandonment of Amara West: the impact of a changing Nile? Sudan & Nubia 16: 37–43.
|
[54] | Ryan P, Cartwright C, Spencer N (2012) Archaeobotanical research in a pharaonic town in ancient Nubia. The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 6: 97–107.
|
[55] | Binder M, Spencer N (In Press) The bioarchaeology of Amara West in Nubia: Investigating the impacts of political, cultural and environmental change on health and diet. In: Fletcher A, Antoine D, Hill JD, editors. Regarding the Dead. London: British Museum Press.
|
[56] | Van Pelt WP (forthcoming) Revising Egypto-Nubian Relationss in New Kingdom Lower Nubia: From Egyptianization to Cultural Entanglement. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 23.
|
[57] | Smith ST (2003) Wretched Kush. London, New York: Routledge.
|
[58] | Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH (1994) Standards for Data Collection from Human Remains. Lafayetteville, Arkansas: Arkansas Archaeological Survey. 206 p.
|
[59] | Brickley M, McKinley JI, editors (2004) Guidelines to the Standards for Recording Human Remains. Reading: Institute of Field Archaeologists Paper Number 7.
|
[60] | Bruzek J (2002) A method for visual determination of sex, using the human hip bone. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 117: 157–168. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.10012.abs
|
[61] | Brooks S, Suchey JM (1990) Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: a comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods. Human Evolution 5: 227–238. doi: 10.1007/bf02437238
|
[62] | Scheuer L, Black S (2000) Developmental juvenile osteology. San Diego: Academic Press.
|
[63] | Resnick D (1995) Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders. St. Louis, MO: W. B. Saunders.
|
[64] | Rothschild BM, Hershkovitz I, Dutour O (1998) Clues Potentially Distinguishing Lytic Lesions of Multiple Myeloma From Those of Metastatic Carcinoma. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 105: 241–250. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199802)105:2<241::aid-ajpa10>3.0.co;2-0
|
[65] | Yaccoby S (2010) Advances in the understanding of myeloma bone disease and tumour growth. British Journal of Haematology 149: 311–321. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08141.x
|
[66] | Sezer O (2009) Myeloma Bone Disease: Recent Advances in Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. The Oncologist 14: 276–283. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0003
|
[67] | Hershkovitz I, Rothschild BM, Dutour O, Greenwald C (1998) Clues to recognition of fungal origin of lytic skeletal lesions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106: 47–60. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199805)106:1<47::aid-ajpa4>3.0.co;2-a
|
[68] | Huchet JB, Deverly D, Gutierrez B, Chauchat C (2011) Taphonomic Evidence of a Human Skeleton Gnawed by Termites in a Moche-Civilisation Grave at Huaca de la Luna, Peru. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 21: 92–102. doi: 10.1002/oa.1110
|
[69] | Huchet JB, Le Mort F, Rabinovich R, Blau S, Coqueugniot H, et al. (2013) Identification of dermestid pupal chambers on Southern Levant human bones: inference for reconstruction of Middle Bronze Age mortuary practices. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 3793–3803. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.025
|
[70] | Layer D (2005) Skelettmetastasen. In: Freyschmidt J, St?bler A, editors. Handbuch diagnostische Radiologie - Muskoloskelettales System 2: Springer. pp. 327–338.
|
[71] | Anderson WF, Jatoi I, Tse J, Rosenberg PS (2010) Male Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Comparison With Female Breast Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 28: 232–239. doi: 10.1200/jco.2009.23.8162
|
[72] | Rothschild BM, Rothschild C (1995) Comparison of Radiologic and Gross Examination for Detection of Cancer in Defleshed Skeletons. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 97: 357–363. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330960404
|
[73] | Hueper WC (1963) Environmental Carcinogenesis in Man and Animals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 108: 963–1038. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13433.x
|
[74] | Delgado J, Martinez LM, Sanchez TT, Ramirez A, Iturria C, et al. (2005) Lung cancer pathogenesis associated with wood smoke exposure. Chest 128: 124–131. doi: 10.1378/chest.128.1.124
|
[75] | Awadelkarim KD, Mariani-Costantini R, Elwali NE (2012) Cancer in the Sudan: An overview of the current status of knowledge on tumor patterns and risk factors. Science of the Total Environment 423: 214–228. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.010
|
[76] | Binet S, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Brandt H, Lafontaine M, Castegnaro M (2002) Bitumen fumes: review of work on the potential risk to workers and the present knowledge on its origin. Science of the Total Environment 300: 37–49. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00279-6
|
[77] | Serpico M, White R (2000) Resins, amber and bitumen. In: Nicholson PT, Shaw I, editors. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
|
[78] | Bouchet F, Harter S, Le Bailly M (2003) The State of the Art of Paleoparasitological Research in the Old World. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98: 95–101. doi: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000900015
|
[79] | Miller RL, Armelagos GJ, Ikram S, De Jonge N, Krijger FW, et al. (1992) Palaeoepidemiology of schistosoma infection in mummies. British Medical Journal 304: 355–356. doi: 10.1136/bmj.304.6826.555
|
[80] | Reyman TA, Zimmerman MR, Lewin PK (1977) Autopsy of an Egyptian mummy. 5. Histopathologic investigation. Canadian Medical Association Journal 117: 470–472.
|
[81] | Sitas F, Parkin DM, Chirenje M, Stein L, Abratt R, et al. (2008) Part II: Cancer in Indigenous Africans - causes and control. Lancet Oncology 9: 786–795. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70198-0
|
[82] | Buzdar AU (2003) Breast cancer in men. Oncology (Williston Park) 17: 1361–1364.
|
[83] | Mustacchi P (2003) Schistosomiasis. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Wechselbaum RR, editors. Holland-Frei, Cancer Medicine 6th edition. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker.
|
[84] | Hibbs CA, Secor WV, Van Gerven D, Armelagos GJ (2011) Irrigation and infection: The immunoepidemiology of schistosomiasis in ancient Nubia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 145: 290–298. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21493
|
[85] | Linz B, Balloux F, Moodley Y, Manica A, Liu H, et al. (2007) An African origin for the intimate association between humans and Helicobacter pylori. Nature 445: 915–918. doi: 10.1038/nature05562
|
[86] | Polk DB, Peek RM (2010) Helicobacter pylori: gastric cancer and beyond. Nat Rev Cancer 10: 403–414. doi: 10.1038/nrc2857
|
[87] | Wood JW, Milner GR, Harpending HC, Weiss KM (1992) The Osteological Paradox - Problems of Inferring Prehistoric Health from Skeletal Samples. Current Anthropology 33: 343–370. doi: 10.1086/204084
|
[88] | Bartsch H, Dally H, Popanda O, Risch A, Schmezer P (2007) Genetic risk profiles for cancer susceptibility and therapy response. Recent Results in Cancer Research 174: 19–36. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-37696-5_2
|
[89] | Frank SA (2004) Genetic predisposition to cancer - insights from population genetics. Nature Reviews: Genetics 5: 764–772. doi: 10.1038/nrg1450
|
[90] | Zuckerman MK, Turner BL, Armelagos GJ (2012) Evolutionary thought in paleopathology and the rise of the biocultural approach. In: Grauer A, editor. A companion to paleopathology. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
|
[91] | Fornaciari G, Marchetti A, Pellegrini S, Ciranni R (1999) K-ras mutation in the tumour of King Ferrante I of Aragon (1431–1494) and environmental mutagens at the Aragonese court of Naples. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 9: 302–306. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1212(199909/10)9:5<302::aid-oa487>3.3.co;2-m
|
[92] | Schlott T, Eiffert H, Schmidt-Schultz T, Gebhardt M, Parzinger H, et al. (2007) Detection and analysis of cancer genes amplified from bone material of a Scythian royal burial in Arzhan near Tuva, Siberia. Anticancer Research 27: 4117–4119.
|
[93] | Strouhal E (1994) Malignant Tumors in the Old World. Paleopathology Newsletter 85 (supplement): 1–6.
|
[94] | Strouhal E (1991) Myeloma Multiplex versus Osteolytic Metastatic Carcinoma: Differential Diagnosis in Dry Bones. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1: 219–224. doi: 10.1002/oa.1390010314
|
[95] | Strouhal E (1978) Ancient Egyptian case of carcinoma. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 54: 290–302.
|
[96] | Schultz M, Parzinger H, Posdnjakov DV, Chikisheva TA, Schmidt-Schultz TH (2007) Oldest known case of metastasizing prostate carcinoma diagnosed in the skeleton of a 2,700-year-old Scythian King from Arzhan (Siberia, Russia). International Journal of Cancer 121: 2591–2595. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23073
|