全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2014 

On the Antiquity of Cancer: Evidence for Metastatic Carcinoma in a Young Man from Ancient Nubia (c. 1200BC)

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090924

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Cancer, one of the world’s leading causes of death today, remains almost absent relative to other pathological conditions, in the archaeological record, giving rise to the conclusion that the disease is mainly a product of modern living and increased longevity. This paper presents a male, young-adult individual from the archaeological site of Amara West in northern Sudan (c. 1200BC) displaying multiple, mainly osteolytic, lesions on the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, scapulae, pelvis, and humeral and femoral heads. Following radiographic, microscopic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) imaging of the lesions, and a consideration of differential diagnoses, a diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma secondary to an unknown soft tissue cancer is suggested. This represents the earliest complete example in the world of a human who suffered metastatic cancer to date. The study further draws its strength from modern analytical techniques applied to differential diagnoses and the fact that it is firmly rooted within a well-documented archaeological and historical context, thus providing new insights into the history and antiquity of the disease as well as its underlying causes and progression.

References

[1]  Boyle P, Levin P, editors (2008) World Cancer Report 2008. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
[2]  WHO (2013) Fact sheet N°297: Cancer.
[3]  David AR, Zimmerman MR (2010) Cancer: an old disease, a new disease or something in between? Nature Reviews: Cancer 10: 728–733. doi: 10.1038/nrc2914
[4]  McKeown RE (2009) The Epidemiologic Transition: Changing Patterns of Mortality and Population Dynamics. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 3: 19S–26S. doi: 10.1177/1559827609335350
[5]  Karpozilos A, Pavlidis N (2004) The treatment of cancer in Greek antiquity. European Journal of Cancer 40: 2033–2040. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.04.036
[6]  Nunn JF (2002) Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
[7]  Breasted JH (1930) The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus: Hieroglyphic transliterations, translations and commentary. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[8]  Sanchez GM, Meltzer ES (2012) The Edwin Smith Papyrus: Updated Translation of the Trauma Treatise and Modern Medical Commentaries: Updated Translation of the Trauma Treatise and Modern Medical Commentaries. Atlanta: Lockwood Press.
[9]  Mukherjee S (2010) The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer: Scribner.
[10]  Stearns SC (2012) Evolutionary medicine: its scope, interest and potential. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Biological Science 279: 4305–4321. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1326
[11]  Nesse RM, Williams GC (1994) Why we get sick. The new science of Darwinian medicine. New York: Vintage Books.
[12]  Manderson L (2011) Anthropologies of cancer and risk uncertainty and disruption. In: Singer M, Erickson PI, editors. A companion to medical anthropology 1st Edition. Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Limited. pp. 323–338.
[13]  Brown PJ, Armelagos GJ, Maes KC (2011) Humans in a world of microbes: the anthropology of infectious diseases. In: Singer M, Erickson PI, editors. A companion to medical anthropology 1st Edition. Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Limited. pp. 253–270.
[14]  Buikstra J, Roberts C, editors (2012) The Global History of Paleopathology: Oxford University Press.
[15]  Dorfman HD, Czerniak B (1998) Bone Tumors. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc.
[16]  Bertram JS (2000) The molecular biology of cancer. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 21: 167–223. doi: 10.1016/s0098-2997(00)00007-8
[17]  Greenspan A, Remagen W (1998) Differential Diagnosis of Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of Bones and Joints. Philadelphia, New York: Lippincott-Raven.
[18]  Barrett R, Kuzawa CW, McDade T, Armelagos GJ (1998) Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: The Third Epidemiologic Transition. Annual Reviews in Anthropology 27: 247–271. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.27.1.247
[19]  Ortner DJ (2003) Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. London: Academic Press. 645 p.
[20]  Franceschi S, Wild CP (2013) Meeting the global demands of epidemiologic transition – The indispensable role of cancer prevention. Molecular Oncology 7: 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.10.010
[21]  Cox M (2000) Ageing Adults from the Skeleton. In: Cox M, Mays S, editors. Human Osteology: In Archaeology and Forensic Science. London: Greenwich Medical Media. pp. 61–81.
[22]  Chamberlain A (2006) Demography in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 235 p.
[23]  Gabler K (2009) Die Medja - dein Lieferant und Helfer. Untersuchungen zu medja von Deir el-Medine anhand von Ostraka und Papyri [in German, unpublished master thesis]. München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit?t
[24]  Parkin TG (2003) Old Age in the Roman World: A Cultural and Social History. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
[25]  Capasso LL (2005) Antiquity of Cancer. International Journal of Cancer 113: 2–13. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20610
[26]  Doll R, Peto R (1981) The Causes of Cancer: Quantitative Estimates of Avoidable Risks of Cancer in the United States Today. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 66: 1192–1308. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-1117-2_30
[27]  Brothwell DR (2012) Tumors: Problems of Differential Diagnosis in Paleopathology. In: Grauer AL, editor. A Companion to Paleopathology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 420–433.
[28]  Marks MK, Hamilton MD (2007) Metastatic Carcinoma: Palaeopathology and Differential Diagnosis. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 17: 217–234. doi: 10.1002/oa.874
[29]  Nerlich AG, Rohrbach H, Bachmeier B, Zink A (2006) Malignant tumors in two ancient populations: An approach to historical tumor epidemiology. Oncology Reports 16: 197–202. doi: 10.3892/or.16.1.197
[30]  Strouhal E, Kritscher H (1990) Neolithic case of a multiple myeloma from Mauer (Vienna, Austria). Anthropologie 28: 78–97.
[31]  Gladykowska-Rzeczycka J (1991) Tumors in antiquity in East and Middle Europe. In: Ortner DJ, Aufderheide AC, editors. Human Paleopathology - Current Syntheses and Future Options. Washington, London: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 251–256.
[32]  Rokhlin D (1966) Disease in ancient man. Moskov: Nauka Ed.
[33]  Strouhal E (2001) Malignant tumours in past populations in Middle Europe In: La Verghetta M, Capasso L, editors. Proceesings of the XIIIth European Meeting of the Paleopathology Association. Teramo: Edigrafical. pp. 265–272.
[34]  Strouhal E (1976) Tumors in the remains of Ancient Egyptians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 45: 613–620. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330450328
[35]  Baker BJ, Judd M (2012) Development of Paleopathology in the Nile Valley. In: Buikstra J, Roberts C, editors. The Global History of Paleopathology: Oxford University Press. pp. 209–234.
[36]  Pahl WM (1986) Tumors of bone and soft tissue in ancient Egypt and Nubia: a synopsis of the detected cases. International Journal of Anthropology 1: 267–275. doi: 10.1007/bf02442041
[37]  Strouhal E, Vyhanek L (1981) New cases of malign tumours from Late Period cemeteries at Abusir and Saqqara (Egypt). Ossa 8: 165–189.
[38]  Strouhal E (1993) A case of metastatic carcinoma from Christian Sayala (Egyptian Nubia). Anthropologischer Anzeiger 51: 97–115.
[39]  Strouhal E, Vyhnanek L (1982) New cases of malignant tumors from late period cemeteries at Abusir and Saqqara (Egypt). Ossa 8: 165–189.
[40]  Strouhal E (1991) A case of primary carcinoma from Christian Sayala (Egyptian Nubia). Journal of Paleopathology 3: 51–65.
[41]  Wells C (1963) Ancient Egyptian Pathology. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 77: 261–265. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100060606
[42]  Prates C, Sousa S, Oliveira C, Ikram S (2011) Prostate metastatic bone cancer in an Egyptian Ptolemaic mummy, a proposed radiological diagnosis. International Journal of Paleopathology 1: 98–103. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2011.09.002
[43]  Aufderheide AC, Rodríguez-Martín C (1998) The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Paleopathology. Cambrigde, New York: Cambridge University Press. 578 p.
[44]  Ho JHC (1972) Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. In: Klein G, Weinhouse S, editors. Advances in Cancer Research. London: Academic Press, Inc. pp. 57–92.
[45]  Aufderheide AC (2003) The Scientific Study of Mummies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[46]  Esche E, Mummert A, Robinson J, Armelagos GJ (2010) Cancer in Egypt and Nubia. Anthropologie 48: 33–39.
[47]  Dupras T, de Voogt A, Francigny V, Williams L, Lacey J (2014) Advanced Metastatic Carcinoma in the Paleopathological Record: A Case Study from the Sudan. 41th Annual Meeting of the Paleopathology Association. Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
[48]  Spencer P (1997) Amara West I. The architectural report. London: The Egypt Exploration Society.
[49]  Spencer N (2012) Insights into Life in occupied Kush during the New Kingdom: New Research at Amara West. Der Antike Sudan 23: 21–28.
[50]  Spencer N (forthcoming) Amara West: considerations on urban life in occupied Kush. In: Welsby D, Anderson JR, editors. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference for Nubian Studies. Leuven: OLA.
[51]  Binder M (2011) The 10th-9th century BC - New Evidence from Cemetery C of Amara West. Sudan & Nubia 15: 39–53.
[52]  Binder M, Spencer N, Millet M (2011) Cemetery D at Amara West: the Ramesside Period and its aftermath. British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan.
[53]  Spencer N, Macklin MG, Woodward JC (2012) Reassessing the abandonment of Amara West: the impact of a changing Nile? Sudan & Nubia 16: 37–43.
[54]  Ryan P, Cartwright C, Spencer N (2012) Archaeobotanical research in a pharaonic town in ancient Nubia. The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 6: 97–107.
[55]  Binder M, Spencer N (In Press) The bioarchaeology of Amara West in Nubia: Investigating the impacts of political, cultural and environmental change on health and diet. In: Fletcher A, Antoine D, Hill JD, editors. Regarding the Dead. London: British Museum Press.
[56]  Van Pelt WP (forthcoming) Revising Egypto-Nubian Relationss in New Kingdom Lower Nubia: From Egyptianization to Cultural Entanglement. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 23.
[57]  Smith ST (2003) Wretched Kush. London, New York: Routledge.
[58]  Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH (1994) Standards for Data Collection from Human Remains. Lafayetteville, Arkansas: Arkansas Archaeological Survey. 206 p.
[59]  Brickley M, McKinley JI, editors (2004) Guidelines to the Standards for Recording Human Remains. Reading: Institute of Field Archaeologists Paper Number 7.
[60]  Bruzek J (2002) A method for visual determination of sex, using the human hip bone. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 117: 157–168. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.10012.abs
[61]  Brooks S, Suchey JM (1990) Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: a comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods. Human Evolution 5: 227–238. doi: 10.1007/bf02437238
[62]  Scheuer L, Black S (2000) Developmental juvenile osteology. San Diego: Academic Press.
[63]  Resnick D (1995) Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders. St. Louis, MO: W. B. Saunders.
[64]  Rothschild BM, Hershkovitz I, Dutour O (1998) Clues Potentially Distinguishing Lytic Lesions of Multiple Myeloma From Those of Metastatic Carcinoma. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 105: 241–250. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199802)105:2<241::aid-ajpa10>3.0.co;2-0
[65]  Yaccoby S (2010) Advances in the understanding of myeloma bone disease and tumour growth. British Journal of Haematology 149: 311–321. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08141.x
[66]  Sezer O (2009) Myeloma Bone Disease: Recent Advances in Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. The Oncologist 14: 276–283. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0003
[67]  Hershkovitz I, Rothschild BM, Dutour O, Greenwald C (1998) Clues to recognition of fungal origin of lytic skeletal lesions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106: 47–60. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199805)106:1<47::aid-ajpa4>3.0.co;2-a
[68]  Huchet JB, Deverly D, Gutierrez B, Chauchat C (2011) Taphonomic Evidence of a Human Skeleton Gnawed by Termites in a Moche-Civilisation Grave at Huaca de la Luna, Peru. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 21: 92–102. doi: 10.1002/oa.1110
[69]  Huchet JB, Le Mort F, Rabinovich R, Blau S, Coqueugniot H, et al. (2013) Identification of dermestid pupal chambers on Southern Levant human bones: inference for reconstruction of Middle Bronze Age mortuary practices. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 3793–3803. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.025
[70]  Layer D (2005) Skelettmetastasen. In: Freyschmidt J, St?bler A, editors. Handbuch diagnostische Radiologie - Muskoloskelettales System 2: Springer. pp. 327–338.
[71]  Anderson WF, Jatoi I, Tse J, Rosenberg PS (2010) Male Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Comparison With Female Breast Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 28: 232–239. doi: 10.1200/jco.2009.23.8162
[72]  Rothschild BM, Rothschild C (1995) Comparison of Radiologic and Gross Examination for Detection of Cancer in Defleshed Skeletons. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 97: 357–363. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330960404
[73]  Hueper WC (1963) Environmental Carcinogenesis in Man and Animals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 108: 963–1038. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13433.x
[74]  Delgado J, Martinez LM, Sanchez TT, Ramirez A, Iturria C, et al. (2005) Lung cancer pathogenesis associated with wood smoke exposure. Chest 128: 124–131. doi: 10.1378/chest.128.1.124
[75]  Awadelkarim KD, Mariani-Costantini R, Elwali NE (2012) Cancer in the Sudan: An overview of the current status of knowledge on tumor patterns and risk factors. Science of the Total Environment 423: 214–228. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.010
[76]  Binet S, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Brandt H, Lafontaine M, Castegnaro M (2002) Bitumen fumes: review of work on the potential risk to workers and the present knowledge on its origin. Science of the Total Environment 300: 37–49. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00279-6
[77]  Serpico M, White R (2000) Resins, amber and bitumen. In: Nicholson PT, Shaw I, editors. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[78]  Bouchet F, Harter S, Le Bailly M (2003) The State of the Art of Paleoparasitological Research in the Old World. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98: 95–101. doi: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000900015
[79]  Miller RL, Armelagos GJ, Ikram S, De Jonge N, Krijger FW, et al. (1992) Palaeoepidemiology of schistosoma infection in mummies. British Medical Journal 304: 355–356. doi: 10.1136/bmj.304.6826.555
[80]  Reyman TA, Zimmerman MR, Lewin PK (1977) Autopsy of an Egyptian mummy. 5. Histopathologic investigation. Canadian Medical Association Journal 117: 470–472.
[81]  Sitas F, Parkin DM, Chirenje M, Stein L, Abratt R, et al. (2008) Part II: Cancer in Indigenous Africans - causes and control. Lancet Oncology 9: 786–795. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70198-0
[82]  Buzdar AU (2003) Breast cancer in men. Oncology (Williston Park) 17: 1361–1364.
[83]  Mustacchi P (2003) Schistosomiasis. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Wechselbaum RR, editors. Holland-Frei, Cancer Medicine 6th edition. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker.
[84]  Hibbs CA, Secor WV, Van Gerven D, Armelagos GJ (2011) Irrigation and infection: The immunoepidemiology of schistosomiasis in ancient Nubia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 145: 290–298. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21493
[85]  Linz B, Balloux F, Moodley Y, Manica A, Liu H, et al. (2007) An African origin for the intimate association between humans and Helicobacter pylori. Nature 445: 915–918. doi: 10.1038/nature05562
[86]  Polk DB, Peek RM (2010) Helicobacter pylori: gastric cancer and beyond. Nat Rev Cancer 10: 403–414. doi: 10.1038/nrc2857
[87]  Wood JW, Milner GR, Harpending HC, Weiss KM (1992) The Osteological Paradox - Problems of Inferring Prehistoric Health from Skeletal Samples. Current Anthropology 33: 343–370. doi: 10.1086/204084
[88]  Bartsch H, Dally H, Popanda O, Risch A, Schmezer P (2007) Genetic risk profiles for cancer susceptibility and therapy response. Recent Results in Cancer Research 174: 19–36. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-37696-5_2
[89]  Frank SA (2004) Genetic predisposition to cancer - insights from population genetics. Nature Reviews: Genetics 5: 764–772. doi: 10.1038/nrg1450
[90]  Zuckerman MK, Turner BL, Armelagos GJ (2012) Evolutionary thought in paleopathology and the rise of the biocultural approach. In: Grauer A, editor. A companion to paleopathology. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
[91]  Fornaciari G, Marchetti A, Pellegrini S, Ciranni R (1999) K-ras mutation in the tumour of King Ferrante I of Aragon (1431–1494) and environmental mutagens at the Aragonese court of Naples. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 9: 302–306. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1212(199909/10)9:5<302::aid-oa487>3.3.co;2-m
[92]  Schlott T, Eiffert H, Schmidt-Schultz T, Gebhardt M, Parzinger H, et al. (2007) Detection and analysis of cancer genes amplified from bone material of a Scythian royal burial in Arzhan near Tuva, Siberia. Anticancer Research 27: 4117–4119.
[93]  Strouhal E (1994) Malignant Tumors in the Old World. Paleopathology Newsletter 85 (supplement): 1–6.
[94]  Strouhal E (1991) Myeloma Multiplex versus Osteolytic Metastatic Carcinoma: Differential Diagnosis in Dry Bones. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1: 219–224. doi: 10.1002/oa.1390010314
[95]  Strouhal E (1978) Ancient Egyptian case of carcinoma. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 54: 290–302.
[96]  Schultz M, Parzinger H, Posdnjakov DV, Chikisheva TA, Schmidt-Schultz TH (2007) Oldest known case of metastasizing prostate carcinoma diagnosed in the skeleton of a 2,700-year-old Scythian King from Arzhan (Siberia, Russia). International Journal of Cancer 121: 2591–2595. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23073

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133