全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2014 

Host Use Patterns by the European Woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in Its Native and Invaded Range

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090321

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Accelerating introductions of forest insects challenge decision-makers who might or might not respond with surveillance programs, quarantines, eradication efforts, or biological control programs. Comparing ecological controls on indigenous vs. introduced populations could inform responses to new introductions. We studied the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, which is not a pest in its native forests, is a serious invasive pest in the southern hemisphere, and now has an uncertain future in North America after its introduction there. Indigenous populations of S. noctilio (in Galicia, Spain) resembled those in New York in that S. noctilio were largely restricted to suppressed trees that were also dying for other reasons, and still only some dying trees showed evidence of S. noctilio: 20–40% and 35–51% in Galicia and New York, respectively. In both areas, P. sylvestris (native to Europe) was the species most likely to have attacks in non-suppressed trees. P. resinosa, native to North America, does not appear dangerously susceptible to S. noctilio. P. radiata, which sustains high damage in the southern hemisphere, is apparently not innately susceptible because in Galicia it was less often used by native S. noctilio than either native pine (P. pinaster and P. sylvestris). Silvicultural practices in Galicia that maintain basal area at 25–40 m2/ha limit S. noctilio abundance. More than 25 species of other xylophagous insects feed on pine in Galicia, but co-occurrences with S. noctilio were infrequent, so strong interspecific competition seemed unlikely. Evidently, S. noctilio in northeastern North America will be more similar to indigenous populations in Europe, where it is not a pest, than to introduced populations in the southern hemisphere, where it is. However, S. noctilio populations could behave differently when they reach forests of the southeastern U.S., where tree species, soils, climate, ecology, management, and landscape configurations of pine stands are different.

References

[1]  Mack RN, Simberloff D, Lonsdale WM, Evans H, Clout M, et al. (2000) Biotic invasions: Causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol Appl 10: 689–710. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0689:bicegc]2.0.co;2
[2]  Work TT, McCullough DG, Cavey JF, Komsa R (2005) Arrival rate of nonindigenous insect species into the United States through foreign trade. Biol Invasions 7: 323–332. doi: 10.1007/s10530-004-1663-x
[3]  Sepp?l? R, Buck A, Katila P (2009) Adaptation of Forests and People to Climate Change: A Global Assessment Report. Helsinki: International Union of Forest Research Organizations. 224 p.
[4]  Pimentel D, Zuniga R, Morrison D (2005) Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecol Econ 52: 273–288. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002
[5]  Haack RA (2006) Exotic bark- and wood-boring Coleoptera in the United States: recent establishments and interceptions. Can J Forest Res 36: 269–288. doi: 10.1139/x05-249
[6]  Liebhold AM, Brockerhoff EG, Garrett LJ, Parke JL, Britton KO (2012) Live plant imports: the major pathway for forest insect and pathogen invasions of the US. Front Ecol Environ 10: 135–143. doi: 10.1890/110198
[7]  Yemshanov D, Koch FH, Ducey M, Koehler K (2012) Trade-associated pathways of alien forest insect entries in Canada. Biol Invasions 14: 797–812. doi: 10.1007/s10530-011-0117-5
[8]  Klapwijk MJ, Ayres MP, Battisti A, Larsson S (2012) Assessing the impact of climate change on outbreak potential. In: Barbosa P, editor. Insect outbreaks revisited.New York: Academic Press, Inc. pp. 429–450.
[9]  Weed AS, Ayres MP, Hicke J (2013) Consequences of climate change for biotic disturbances in North American forests. Ecol Monogr 83: 441–470. doi: 10.1890/13-0160.1
[10]  Standards and Trade Development Facility. STDF/World Bank Seminar on Climate Change and Agriculture Trade.Available: www.standardsfacility.org/en/TAClimateCh?ange.htm. Accessed 2013 April 25.
[11]  Wainhouse D (2005) Ecological methods in forest pest management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 228 p.
[12]  Langor DW, DeHaas L, Foottit RG (2009) Diversity of non-native terrestrial arthropods on woody plants in Canada. Biol Invasions 11: 5–19. doi: 10.1007/s10530-008-9327-x
[13]  Gandhi KJK, Herms DA (2010) Direct and indirect effects of alien insect herbivores on ecological processes and interactions in forests of eastern North America. Biol Invasions 12: 389–405. doi: 10.1007/s10530-009-9627-9
[14]  Lockwood JL, Cassey P, Blackburn T (2005) The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 20: 223–228. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.004
[15]  Yemshanov D, Koch FH, Ben-Haim Y, Smith WD (2010) Detection capacity, information gaps and the design of surveillance programs for invasive forest pests. J Environ Manage 91: 2535–2546. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.07.009
[16]  Zylstra KE, Dodds KJ, Francese JA, Mastro V (2010) Sirex noctilio in North America: the effect of stem-injection timing on the attractiveness and suitability of trap trees. Agricult For Entomol 12: 243–250. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-9563.2010.00476.x
[17]  Haack RA, Poland TM (2001) Evolving management strategies for a recently discovered exotic forest pest: the pine shoot beetle,Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera). Biol Invasions 3: 307–322.
[18]  Dajoz R (1980) Ecologie des Insectes Forestiers. Bordas, Paris: Gaulthier-Villars. 489 p.
[19]  Wermelinger B, Rigling A, Mathis DS, Dobbertin M (2008) Assessing the role of bark- and wood-boring insects in the decline of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in the Swiss Rhone Valley. Ecol Entomol 33: 239–249. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2007.00960.x
[20]  Spradbery JP, Kirk AA (1978) Aspects of ecology of siricid woodwasps (Hymenoptera Siricidae) in Europe, North Africa and Turkey with special reference to biological control ofSirex noctilio F. in Australia. Bull Entomol Res 68: 341–359. doi: 10.1017/s0007485300009330
[21]  Wolf F (1969) Les siricides en Belgique, leurs moeurs et leur importance en syliviculture. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Forestiere de Belgique 76: 281–301.
[22]  Lede ET, Penteado SR, Bisol JL (1988) Primeiro registro de ataque de Sirex noctilio em Pinus taeda no Brasil. EMBRAPACNPF, Circular tecnica 20: 1.
[23]  Klasmer P, Fritz G, Corley J, Botto E (1998) Current status of research on Sirex noctilio F. in the Andean-Patagonian region in Argentina. In: Iede E, Shaitza E, Penteado S, Reardon R, Murphy T, editors. Proceedings of a Conference. Training in the control of Sirex noctilio by Use of Natural Enemies. USDA Forest Service (FHTET 98–13). Columbo, Brazil. pp. 89–90.
[24]  Madden J (1988) Sirex in Australasia. In: Berryman A, editor. Dynamics of forest insect populations: patterns, causes, implications. New York, NY: Plenum Press. pp. 407–429.
[25]  Rebuffo S (1988) La avispa de la madera Sirex noctilio F. en el Uruguay. Montevideo: Ministerio de Ganader?'a Agricultura y Pesca. 17 p.
[26]  Tribe GD (1995) The woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), a pest of Pinus species, now established in South Africa. African Entomology 3: 215–217.
[27]  SAG (2001) Informativo Fitosanitario. Vigilancia Fitosanitaria. Departamento de Protección Agrícola 6.
[28]  Bain J (2005) Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) - the New Zealand experience. In: Gottschalk KW, editor. Proceedings 16th USDA interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species.Newtown Square, PA: Northeastern Research Station, USDA Forest Service. pp. 2–2.
[29]  Carnegie AJ, Elderidge RH, Waterson DG (2005) History and management ofSirex wood wasp in pine plantations in New South Wales, Australia. N Z J For Sci 35: 3–24.
[30]  Boissin E, Hurley B, Wingfield MJ, Vasaitis R, Stenlid J, et al. (2012) Retracing the routes of introduction of invasive species: the case of the Sirex noctilio woodwasp. Mol Ecol 21: 5728–5744. doi: 10.1111/mec.12065
[31]  Miller D, Clark AF (1935) Sirex noctilio (Hym.) and its parasite in New Zealand. Bull Entomol Res 26: 149–154. doi: 10.1017/s000748530003813x
[32]  Slippers B, de Groot P, Wingfield MJ, editors (2012) The Sirex woodwasp and its fungal symbiont: research and management of a worldwide invasive pest. New York: Springer. 301 p.
[33]  Hoebeke RE, Haugen DA, Haack R (2005) Sirex noctilio: discovery of a Palearctic Siricid woodwasp in New York. Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society 50: 24–25.
[34]  Haugen DA, Hoebeke RE (2005) Pest alert: sirex woodwasp -Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). Available: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_a?l/sirex_woodwasp/sirex_woodwasp.htm. Accessed 2013 April 23.
[35]  Dodds KI, Cooke RR, Gilmore DW (2007) Silvicultural options to reduce pine susceptibility to attack by a newly detected invasive species,Sirex noctilio. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24: 165–167.
[36]  USDA-APHIS (2008) Sirex Woodwasp; Availability of an Environmental Assessment. Available: http://federal.eregulations.us/rulemakin?g/docket/APHIS-2008-0073. Accessed 2013 April 20.
[37]  Dodds KJ, de Groot P (2012) Sirex, surveys and management: challenges of having Sirex noctillio in North America. In: Slippers B, de Groot P, Wingfield MJ, editors. The Sirex woodwasp and its fungal symbiont: research and management of a worldwide invasive pest. New York, NY: Springer. 265–286 pp.
[38]  Elkinton JS, Liebhold AM (1990) Population dynamics of gypsy moth in North America. Annu Rev Entomol 35: 571–596. doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.003035
[39]  Cavey JF, Hoebeke ER, Passoa S, Lingafelter SW (1998) A new exotic threat to North American hardwood forests: an Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): I. Larval description and diagnosis. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 100: 373–381.
[40]  Orwig DA, Foster DR (1998) Forest response to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England, USA. J Torrey Bot Soc 125: 60–73. doi: 10.2307/2997232
[41]  Poland TM, McCullough DG (2006) Emerald ash borer: Invasion of the urban forest and the threat to North America's ash resource. J Forestry 104: 118–124.
[42]  Dodds KJ, Orwig DA (2011) An invasive urban forest pest invades natural environments - Asian longhorned beetle in northeastern U.S. hardwood forests. Can J Forest Res 41: 1729–1742. doi: 10.1139/x11-097
[43]  Haack R, Mattson W (1993) Life history patterns of North American tree-feeding sawflies. In: Wagner M, Raffa K, editors. Sawfly adaptations to woody plants. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc. pp. 503–545.
[44]  Morgan RE, de Groot P, Smith SM (2004) Susceptibility of pine plantations to attack by the pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda) in Southern Ontario. Can J Forest Res 34: 2528–2540. doi: 10.1139/x04-135
[45]  Kaitaniemi P, Riihimaki J, Koricheva J, Vehvilainen H (2007) Experimental evidence for associational resistance against the European pine sawfly in mixed tree stands. Silva Fenn 41: 259–268. doi: 10.14214/sf.295
[46]  Wingfield MJ, Hurley BP, Gebeyehu S, Slippers B, Ahumada R, et al.. (2006) Southern hemisphere exotic pine plantations threatened by insect pests and their associated fungal pathogens. In: Paine TD, editor. Invasive forest insects, introduced forest trees, and altered ecosystems: ecological pest management in global forests of a changing world. Netherlands: Springer Press. pp. 53–61.
[47]  MARM (Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente) (2011) Cuarto Inventario Forestal Nacional. Galicia.Madrid: Parques Nacionales.
[48]  Xunta de Galicia (2001) O monte galego en cifras. Dirección Xeral de Montes e Medio Ambiente Natural, Consellería de Medio Ambiente. Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
[49]  Xunta de Galicia (1992) Plan Forestal de Galicia. Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
[50]  Alvarez P (2004) Viveros forestales y uso de planta en repoblación en Galicia. Dissertation. Santiago de Compostela, Spain: Universidad de Santiago.
[51]  Ryan K, de Groot P, Smith SM, Turgeon JJ (2013) Seasonal occurrence and spatial distribution of resinosis, a symptom of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) injury, on boles of Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae). Can Entomol 145: 117–122. doi: 10.4039/tce.2012.96
[52]  Dodds KJ, de Groot P, Orwig DA (2010) The impact of Sirex noctilio in Pinus resinosa and Pinus sylvestris stands in New York and Ontario. Can J Forest Res 40: 212–223. doi: 10.1139/x09-181
[53]  Fernandez I, Cabaneiro A, Gonzalez-Prieto SJ (2006) Partitioning CO2 effluxes from an Atlantic pine forest soil between endogenous soil organic matter and recently incorporated C-13-enriched plant material. Environ Sci Technol 40: 2552–2558. doi: 10.1021/es0519841
[54]  Lombardero MJ, Alonso-Rodriguez M, Roca-Posada EP (2012) Tree insects and pathogens display opposite tendencies to attack native vs. non-native pines. For Ecol Manage 281: 121–129. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.06.036
[55]  National Agricultural Pest information System. Pest Tracker -Sirex noctilio. Available: http://pest.ceris.purdue.edu/map.php?cod?e=ISBBADA. Accessed 2013 April 20.
[56]  Nielson RM, Sigihara RT, Boardman TJ, Engeman RM (2004) Optimization of ordered distance sampling. Environmetrics 15: 119–128. doi: 10.1002/env.627
[57]  Hall MJ (1968) A survey of siricid attack on radiata pine in Europe. Australian Forestry 32: 155–162. doi: 10.1080/00049158.1968.10675473
[58]  Long SJ, Williams DW, Hajek AE (2009) Sirex species (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and their parasitoids in Pinus sylvestris in eastern North America. Can Entomol 141: 153–157. doi: 10.4039/n08-068
[59]  Eager PT, Allen DC, Frair JL, Fierke MK (2011) Within-tree distributions of the Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) - parasitoid complex and development of an optimal sampling scheme. Environ Entomol 40: 1266–1275. doi: 10.1603/en10322
[60]  Ryan K, de Groot P, Nott RW, Drabble S, Ochoa I, et al. (2012) Natural enemies associated with Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) andS. nigricornis in Ontario, Canada. Environ Entomol 41: 289–297. doi: 10.1603/en11275
[61]  Ceballos P (1963) Siricidos espa?oles (Hymenoptera). Graellsia 20: 55–67.
[62]  Vives E (2001) Atlas fotografico de los Cerambycidos Ibero-Baleares. Barcelona: Argania. 287 p.
[63]  Dodds KJ, Zylstra KE, Dubois GD, Hoebeke ER (2012) Arboreal insects associated with herbicide-stressed Pinus resinosa and Pinus sylvestris used as Sirex noctilio trap trees in New York. Environ Entomol 41: 1350–1363. doi: 10.1603/en12180
[64]  Edmonds RL, Agee JK, Gara RI (2000) Forest health and protection. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. 630 p.
[65]  Kausrud K, Okland B, Skarpaas O, Gregoire JC, Erbilgin N, et al. (2012) Population dynamics in changing environments: the case of an eruptive forest pest species. Biol Rev 87: 34–51. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00183.x
[66]  Corley JC, Villacide JM, Bruzzone OA (2007) Spatial dynamics of a Sirex noctilio woodwasp population within a pine plantation in Patagonia, Argentina. Entomol Exp Appl 125: 231–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00623.x
[67]  USDA. National Invasive Species Information Center. Available: http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/anima?ls/sirexwasp.shtml. Accessed 2013 April 20.
[68]  Liebhold AM, Macdonald WL, Bergdahl D, Maestro VC (1995) Invasion by exotic forest pests: a threat to forest ecosystems. Forest Science 41: 1–49.
[69]  Czokajlo D, Wink RA, Warren JC, Teale SA (1997) Growth reduction of scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, caused by the larger pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in New York State. Can J Forest Res 27: 1394–1397. doi: 10.1139/cjfr-27-9-1394
[70]  Yemshanov D, McKenney DW, de Groot P, Haugen D, Sidders D, et al. (2009) A bioeconomic approach to assess the impact of an alien invasive insect on timber supply and harvesting: a case study with Sirex noctilio in eastern Canada. Can J Forest Res 39: 154–168. doi: 10.1139/x08-164
[71]  Yemshanov D, Mckenney DW, de Groot P, Haugen D, Pedlar J, et al. (2011) A harvest failure approach to assess the threat from an invasive species. J Environ Manage 92: 205–213. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.002
[72]  Kovacs KF, Haight RG, McCullough DG, Mercader RJ, Siegert NW, et al. (2010) Cost of potential emerald ash borer damage in U.S. communities, 2009–2019. Ecol Econ 69: 569–578. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.09.004
[73]  Williamson M (1996) Biological Invasions. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.
[74]  Coppel HC, Benjamin DM (1965) Bionomics of the Nearctic pine-feeding diprionids. Annu Rev Entomol 10: 69–96. doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.10.010165.000441
[75]  Boroczky K, Zylstra KE, McCartney NB, Mastro VC, Tumlinson JH (2012) Volatile profile differences and the associated Sirex noctilio activity in two host tree species in the northeastern United States. J Chem Ecol 38: 213–221. doi: 10.1007/s10886-012-0077-y
[76]  Ek RA, Katovich SA, Kilgore MA, Palik BJ (2007) The North Central Region Red Pine Management Guide. USDA Forest Service. Available: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/fmg/nfmg/rp/via the Internet.
[77]  Lavery PB, Mead DJ (1998) Pinus radiata: A narrow endemic from North America takes on the world. In: Richardson DM, editor. Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 432–449.
[78]  Ryan K, de Groot P, Smith SM (2012) Evidence of interaction between Sirex noctilio and other species inhabiting the bole of Pinus. Agricult For Entomol 14: 187–195. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00558.x
[79]  Ryan K, de Groot P, Davis C, Smith SM (2012) Effect of two bark beetle-vectored fungi on the on-host search and oviposition behavior of the introduced woodwasp Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) on Pinus sylvestris trees and logs. J Insect Behav 25: 453–466. doi: 10.1007/s10905-011-9313-5
[80]  Ryan K, Moncalvo JM, de Groot P, Smith SM (2011) Interactions between the fungal symbiont of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and two bark beetle-vectored fungi. Can Entomol 143: 224–235.
[81]  Bruzzone OA, Villacide JM, Bernstein C, Corley JC (2009) Flight variability in the woodwasp Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae): an analysis of flight data using wavelets. J Exp Biol 212: 731–737. doi: 10.1242/jeb.022517
[82]  Corley JC, Villacide JM (2012) Population dynamics of Sirex noctilio: influence of diapause, spatial aggregation and flight potential on outbreaks and spread. In: Slippers B, de Groot P, Wingfield M, editors. The Sirex woodwasp and its fungal symbiont: research and management of a worldwide invasive pest.Springer.
[83]  Battisti A, Stastny M, Netherer S, Robinet C, Schopf A, et al. (2005) Expansion of geographic range in the pine processionary moth caused by increased winter temperatures. Ecol Appl 15: 2084–2096. doi: 10.1890/04-1903
[84]  Pimentel C, Calvao T, Ayres MP (2011) Impact of climatic variation on populations of pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa in a core area of its distribution. Agricult For Entomol 13: 273–281. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00520.x
[85]  Marini L, Ayres MP, Battisti A, Faccoli M (2012) Climate affects severity and altitudinal distribution of outbreaks in an eruptive bark beetle. Clim Change 115: 327–341. doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0463-z
[86]  Carnegie AJ, Matsuki M, Haugen DA, Hurley BP, Ahumada R, et al. (2006) Predicting the potential distribution of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), a significant exotic pest of Pinus plantations. Ann For Sci 63: 119–128. doi: 10.1051/forest:2005104
[87]  Jackson D (1955) ThePinus radiata - Sirex noctilio relationship at Rotoehu forest. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 7: 26–41.
[88]  Madden JL (1975) Analysis of an outbreak of woodwasp,Sirex noctilio F (Hymenoptera, Siricidae) in Pinus radiata. Bull Entomol Res 65: 491–500. doi: 10.1017/s0007485300006155
[89]  Neumann FG, Minko G (1981) The sirex wood wasp in Australian radiata pine plantations. Australian Forestry 44: 46–63. doi: 10.1080/00049158.1981.10674289
[90]  Morgan FD (1989) Forty years of Sirex noctilio and Ips grandicollis in Australia. N Z J For Sci 19: 198–209.
[91]  Lewis NB, Keeves A, Leech JW (1976) Yield regulation in South Australian Pinus radiata plantations. South Australia: Woods and Forests Department. 174 p.
[92]  Klitscher JA (1987) Mortality trends in Pinus radiata in the Rotorua region. N Z Forest 31: 23–25.
[93]  Rodriguez-Soalleiro RJ, Mansilla JP, Alvarez-Gonzalez JG (1997) Manual de selvicultura del pino pinaster. Lugo, Spain: Proxecto Columella. Escola Politecnica Superior.
[94]  Dans de Valle F, Fernández FJ, Romero-García A (1999) Manual de selvicultura de pino radiata en Galicia. Lugo, Spain: Proxecto Columella. Ed. Escola Politecnica Superior.
[95]  Hurley BP, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ (2007) A comparison of control results for the alien invasive woodwasp,Sirex noctilio, in the Southern Hemisphere. Agricult For Entomol 9: 159–171. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-9563.2007.00340.x
[96]  Collett NG, Elms S (2009) The control of sirex wood wasp using biological control agents in Victoria, Australia. Agricult For Entomol 11: 283–294. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00422.x
[97]  Wolf F (1969) Sur les ennemis des Hymenopteres Siricides. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 105: 202–224.
[98]  Zylstra KE, Mastro VC (2012) Common mortality factors of woodwasp larvae in three northeastern United States host species. J Insect Sci 12: 1–8. doi: 10.1673/031.012.8301
[99]  Coyle DR, Gandhi KJK (2012) The ecology, behavior, and biological control potential of hymenopteran parasitoids of woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in North America. Environ Entomol 41: 731. doi: 10.1603/en11280
[100]  Leal I, Foord B, Davis C, de Groot P, Mlonyeni XO, et al. (2012) Distinguishing isolates of Deladenus siricidicola, a biological control agent of Sirex noctilio, from North America and the Southern Hemisphere using PCR-RFLP. Can J Forest Res 42: 1173–1177. doi: 10.1139/x2012-058
[101]  Standley CR, Hoebeke ER, Parry D, Allen DC, Fierke MK (2012) Detection and identification of two new native Hymenopteran parasitolds associated with the Eexotic Sirex noctilio in North America. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 114: 238–249. doi: 10.4289/0013-8797.114.2.238
[102]  Nielsen C, Williams DW, Hajek AE (2009) Putative source of the invasive Sirex noctilio fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum, in the eastern United States and its association with native siricid woodwasps. Mycol Res 113: 1242–1253. doi: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.012
[103]  Wooding AL, Wingfield MJ, Hurley BP, Garnas JR, de Groot P, et al. (2013) Lack of fidelity revealed in an insect-fungal mutualism after invasion. Biology Letters 9: 20130342. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0342
[104]  Hajek AE, Nielsen C, Kepler RM, Long SJ, Castrillo L (2013) Fidelity among Sirex woodwasps and their fungal symbionts. Microb Ecol 65: 753–762. doi: 10.1007/s00248-013-0218-z
[105]  Holt RD, Lawton JH (1994) The ecological consequences of shared natural enemies. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 25: 495–520. doi: 10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.002431
[106]  Hofstetter RW, Cronin JT, Klepzig KD, Moser JC, Ayres MP (2006) Antagonisms, mutualisms and commensalisms affect outbreak dynamics of the southern pine beetle. Oecologia 147: 679–691. doi: 10.1007/s00442-005-0312-0
[107]  Letourneau DK, Jedlicka JA, Bothwell SG, Moreno CR (2009) Effects of natural enemy biodiversity on the suppression of arthropod herbivores in terrestrial ecosystems. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 40: 573–592. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120320
[108]  Vicente C, Espada M, Vieira P, Mota M (2012) Pine wilt disease: a threat to European forestry. Eur J Plant Pathol 133: 89–99. doi: 10.1007/s10658-011-9924-x
[109]  Sun J, Lu M, Gillette NE, Wingfield MJ (2013) Red turpentine beetle: innocuous native becomes invasive tree killer in China. Annu Rev Entomol 58: 293–311. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153624
[110]  Garnas JR, Hurley BP, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ (2012) Biological control of forest plantation pests in an interconnected world requires greater international focus. Int J Pest Manage 58: 211–223. doi: 10.1080/09670874.2012.698764
[111]  Verdugo A (2005) Fauna de Buprestidae de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Barcelona: Argania. 350 p.
[112]  Eaton ER, Kaufman K (2007) Kaufman field guide to insects of North America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
[113]  Burke HE (1917) Flat-headed borers affecting forest trees in the United States. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No.437.
[114]  Linsley EG, Chemsak JA (1997) The Cerambycidae of North America, Part VIII. Bibliography, index, and host plant index. University of California Publications in Entomology 117: 1–534.
[115]  Tribe GD, Cillie JJ (2004) The spread of Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in South African pine plantations and the introduction and establishment of its biological control agents. Afr Entomol 12: 9–17.
[116]  Billings RF, Holsten EH, Eglitis A (1972) Insects associated with Pinus radiata D. Don in Chile. Turrialba 22: 105–108.
[117]  Ciesla,WM. Colobura alboplagiata. Available: http://spfnic.fs.fed.us/exfor/data/pestr?eports.cfm?pestidval=4&langdisplay=engli?sh. Accessed 2013 April 20.
[118]  Hawkeswood TJ (1993) Review of the biology, host plants and immature stages of the Australian Cerambycidae. Part 2. Cerambycinae (tribes Oemini, Cerambycini, Hesperophanini, Callidiopini, Neostenini, Aphanasiini, Phlyctaenodini, Tessarommatini and Piesarthrini). G Ital Entomol 6: 313–355.
[119]  Hawkeswood TJ (1992) Review of the biology, host plants and immature stages of the Australian Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) Part 1. Parandrinae and Prioninae. G Ital Entomol 6: 207–224.
[120]  Morgan FD (1960) The comparative biologies of certain New Zealand Cerambycidae. New Zealand Entomologist 2: 26–34. doi: 10.1080/00779962.1960.9722791
[121]  SCION. Pests and diseases of forestry in New Zealand. Squeaking longhorn, Hexatricha pulverulenta. Available: http://www.nzffa.org.nz/farm-forestry-mo?del/the-essentials/forest-health-pests-a?nd-diseases/Pests/Hexatricha-pulverulent?a. Accessed 2013 April 20.
[122]  Fettig CJ. Buprestis novemmaculata. Available: http://spfnic.fs.fed.us/exfor/data/pestr?eports.cfm?pestidval=90&langdisplay=engl?ish. Accessed 2013 April 20.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133